2002 by Fery et al. (2004) . After a 3-year field testing period, this cultivar showed high resistance to BlCMV and average yield of 916 kg·ha −1 . For years, seed of photoperiod-sensitive accessions in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) cowpea
other biotic and abiotic stresses with expanding the reasons of grafting. In recent past, grafting has emerged as useful tool to increase plant vigor and yield ( Colla et al., 2008 ), induce higher tolerance to abiotic stress conditions such as salinity
Kernel necrosis and yield. Two studies were conducted at a site near Charlie, TX, using adjacent pecan orchards where kernel necrosis had been characterized ( Smith et al., 2007 ). The orchards were spaced 12.2 m × 12.2 m, irrigated by a microsprinkler
, lodging, inferior plant structure or type, susceptibility to seed diseases, low yield potential, and shattering, which is important for edamame seed production. Correspondingly, research on edamame, in particular plant breeding and genetics studies, has
; Xu et al., 2010 ). However, litchi’s unit yields are generally low and unstable ( Xu et al., 2010 ). Unreasonable litchi orchard fertilization ( Yao et al., 2009 ), generally low N and K soil contents ( Li et al., 2011 , 2012 ), and litchi trees with
Crop rotations can reduce problems that occur in monoculture planting systems. In 1990, at Lane, Okla., 0.5 ha of Bernow fine-loamy soil was planted to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In the following 5 years, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativas L.), navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) were planted in one of four rotations after 1, 2, or 3 years of peanut. The first vegetable planting in each annual rotation was followed by either vegetables or peanut in following years. In 3 of the 6 years, peanut or vegetables were planted in each rotation. Peanut yields in the first year averaged 6.6 Mg·ha-1, but were <1.9 Mg·ha-1 thereafter. Yields of the first vegetable planting, which followed 1 or 2 years of peanut, were normal for this location, but were significantly lower after 3 years of peanut. For second or third plantings of vegetables in rotations, yields were reduced up to 50% compared to the first vegetable planting. For most crops, the rotation that had 3 years of peanut followed by 3 years of vegetables generally produced the least cumulative yield. Numbers of sclerotia produced by soilborne plant pathogenic fungi fluctuated over the years, but were the same in the spring of the second and sixth years. Rotating these crops appears to have limited applicability for maintaining high vegetable or peanut yields.
Shoot branching, being a major agronomic trait affecting crop yield, is a topic of concern in cultivation ( Chen et al., 2016 ; Muhr et al., 2016 ). The regulation of shoot branching is an important aspect for crop improvement in agricultural
cultivars is estimated to range from 60 to 300 kg·ha −1 ( Diczbalis, 2004 ; Tindall, 1994 ). However, results from replicated field trials to evaluate these and other cultivars are very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate yield performance
Protected soilless cultivation of fresh-market tomatoes has gained popularity in recent years due to improved plant growth, yield and fruit quality, although open field cultivation is still the preferred method of tomato production in South Africa
relatively small surface area of the pots (20% of the vineyard floor surface area) intercepts little rainfall ( Schreiner et al., 2013 ). This article reports the impact of a post-véraison water deficit on vine growth, yield, and nutrient status in leaves and