We propagatedsixyellow-flowered cultivars of Magnolia vegetatively by applying 0, 8, 16, or 30 g·kg-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in talc to bases of terminal stem cuttings collected 5, 7, 9, or 11 weeks after budbreak. Mean rooting percentage increased from 12% (in the absence of IBA) to 34% (after applying 30 g·kg-1 IBA). Rooting percentage also increased with increasing basal caliper (r 2 = 0.25; P< 0.0001) of a cutting. For each collection date, more cuttings of `Ivory Chalice' and `Yellow Lantern' developed roots than did other cultivars. When data were analyzed separately for selected cultivars, 63% rooting was observed among cuttings of `Ivory Chalice' collected 7 weeks after budbreak. Rooting percentage was higher (22%) among cuttings of `Hot Flash' collected 5 or 7 weeks after budbreak in comparison to later collection dates, but harvest date did not influence rooting, which ranged from 44% to 59%, among cuttings of `Yellow Lantern'. Collection of stem cuttings early in the growing season (5 weeks after budbreak) was beneficial (31% rooting) for inducing root formation among cuttings of `Golden Sun'. We conclude that `Ivory Chalice' and `Yellow Lantern' are promising choices for growers interested in clonal propagation of yellow-flowered cultivars of Magnolia. To maximize rooting, terminal cuttings should be collected within 5 to 11 weeks after budbreak and should be treated with 16 or 30 g·kg-1 IBA in talc. Early collection dates improved rooting frequencies among cuttings of other cultivars but these, particularly `Butterflies', remain variably recalcitrant and merit further study.
Certain cultivars of magnolia are desirable in landscapes for their uncommon yellow flowers. While cultivars derived from Magnolia acuminata L. (cucumbertree magnolia) are difficult to propagate by stem cuttings, some with mixed parentage appear easier to propagate in this manner. We propagated six yellow-flowered cultivars vegetatively by applying 0, 8, 16, or 30 g·kg–1 (0, 8,000, 16,000, or 30,000 ppm) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in talc to bases of terminal stem cuttings collected 5, 7, 9, or 11 weeks after budbreak. Mean rooting percentage over all cultivars increased from 12% (in the absence of IBA) to 34% (after application of 30 g·kg–1 IBA). Rooting percentage and basal stem diameter of a cutting did not seem related. For each collection date, more cuttings of `Ivory Chalice' and `Yellow Lantern' developed roots than the other cultivars. More roots (mean = 5) developed on cuttings of `Yellow Lantern' collected 5 weeks after budbreak or when treated with 30 g·kg–1 IBA than the other cultivars. `Butterflies' largely remained unresponsive, whereas rooting of `Golden Sun,' `Hot Flash,' and `Maxine Merrill' collected 5 weeks after budbreak was 31%, 22%, and 28%, respectively. When data were analyzed separately for selected cultivars, 63% rooting was observed among cuttings of `Ivory Chalice' collected 7 weeks after budbreak. Rooting percentage was higher (22%) among cuttings of `Hot Flash' collected 5 or 7 weeks after budbreak in comparison to later collection dates, but harvest date did not influence rooting of `Yellow Lantern,' which ranged from 44% to 59%. Collection of stem cuttings early in the growing season (5 weeks after budbreak) was beneficial (31% rooting) for inducing rooting among cuttings of `Golden Sun.' We conclude that `Ivory Chalice' and `Yellow Lantern' are promising choices for growers interested in clonal propagation of yellow-flowered cultivars of magnolia. To maximize rooting among these cultivars, terminal cuttings should be collected within 5 to 11 weeks after budbreak and treated with 16 or 30 g·kg–1 IBA in talc. Early collection dates (5 to 7 weeks after budbreak) improved rooting among cuttings of other cultivars but these, particularly `Butterflies,' remain variably recalcitrant and merit further study.
factors, whereas that of most carotenoids is development-related and less influenced ( Cazzonelli, 2011 ; Winkel-Shirley, 2001 ). Although the yellow color was primarily visible in white-flowered phenotypes in which anthocyanin pathways are disrupted
three F 2 families of ‘Peachies Pick’ (lavender) × ‘Mary Gregory’ (pale yellow) segregated in a 3:1 ratio of lavender- to pale yellow-flowered progeny (χ 2 = 3.939, P = 0.047), suggesting that yellow flower color is recessive and controlled by a
shoots at the distal end ( Fig. 5 ). On average, 59% ± 6.8% of shoots in each pillar flowered (data not shown). Table 2. Percentage of areoles on current and noncurrent shoots that transformed into floral buds. Fig. 4. Canopy composition of yellow pitaya
in P. × hybrida flowers. No anthocyanins were detected in yellow-flowered specimens. On the other hand, blue petals accumulated 12 diverse anthocyanins, and six and seven different glycosides of cyanidin, peonidin, and rosinidin were detected in
reproduction vary according to species and hormone types. In this study, we reported the flowering induction of C. tamdaoensis , which is a rare camellia species with yellow flowers from Vietnam ( Manh et al., 2019 ). Commonly known as golden camellias or
C. japonica , C. reticulata , C. sasanqua , and a group of yellow-flowering species called golden camellia, which includes more than 52 species ( Garcia-Jares et al. 2017 ; Manh et al. 2019 ; Vela et al. 2013 ; Vijayan et al. 2009 ). Among them
flowering process by exposing them to cool air. The yellowed leaf tissues were found to have extremely low levels of K (0.40% to 0.64%) ( Lee, 2001 ). No controlled studies have been conducted to quantify Phalaenopsis K requirements and to characterize the
, which would have flowered eventually if given additional time ( Fig. 4 ). For snapdragon ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’, appearance of both the first visible bud and open flower was 9 to 20 d later under warm-white LED lamps than under R+FR LED lamps when