A greenhouse study was established to evaluate the effect of different levels of root restriction on morphology, hydraulic conductivity, root length, and t-zeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside levels in exudate in peach trees. One-year-old `Redhaven' peach on `Lovell' rootstock were grown for 18 weeks in containers with volumes ranging from 1.93 to 11.55 liters. Plants grown in the most restricted containers (1.93 to 3.85 L) had roots that were smaller and exhibited fewer primary and secondary branches with less average length. Final leaf, stem, root fresh and dry weight and root length were reduced in the highly restricted versus the less restricted treatments (7.7 and 11.55 L). Root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was not affected by container volume. There was less dihydrozeatin riboside and trans-zeatin in exudate of the most restricted plants versus the less restricted ones. Cytokinin levels continued to decrease over the time course of treatment. Shootroot ratio was not altered by the container volume suggesting a coordination of root and shoot growth modulated by the container size.
droughts from 2000 through 2009 in Florida increased demand for reclaimed water. Severe restrictions were placed on residential irrigation with potable water, but fewer restrictions were placed on reclaimed water irrigation. The Water Management Districts
. Approximately 10 d after flower initiation, ≈35 flower heads per plant were labeled with a colored string on the day of flowering. Four plants were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) no water restriction (200 mL water per plant), 2) no watering
.g., hydrilla ( Hydrilla verticillata ), waterhyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), and watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), etc.], but the effect of treated water on nontarget plants is unknown. It is therefore important to develop irrigation restrictions to
landscapes as a result of their perceived lack of heat and drought resistance ( Schiavon et al., 2013 ). Where water restriction periods occur routinely, maximal ecosystem services (i.e., continued CO 2 fixation, O 2 production, and heat dissipation) may be
–benefit analysis ( Schulte, 2011 ). Water management has been a concern of growers in Europe for years, and reusing irrigation runoff is a popular technique. It provides a readily available water resource when restrictions limit access to ground or surface water
water use restrictions on treated water to protect human health and the environment. Water use restrictions typically prohibit the use of treated water for drinking and irrigation of food crops for a specified length of time or until concentrations of
With rapidly increasing populations and industrialization in many parts of the world, the demand for fresh water supply is increasing but the availability of fresh water is diminishing. Seeking alternative water sources for irrigating field crops
often enact landscape watering restrictions ( Milman and Polsky, 2016 ; St. Hilaire et al., 2008 ). Commonly, municipal water restrictions are designed to limit landscape irrigation to specific days of the week and/or times of the day ( Dziegielewski
Municipal water supply systems are increasingly burdened by population growth, and public utilities often implement water use restrictions during periods of severe drought to ensure an adequate supply of potable water for the population. These water