( Beard, 1966 ; Dudeck et al., 1970 ), but less is known about the establishment of warm-season grasses using various cover technologies. The technologies used to establish turf are commonly referred to as mulches and/or erosion-control blankets
zone (U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zone 6), warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass and zoysiagrass are commonly used in a variety of turf situations, including lawns and landscapes ( Burton, 1974 ; Peterson et al., 2014 ). Although
increasingly between latitudes 43°N and 43°S) football pitches, including some famous, high-capacity stadiums, make use of warm-season (C 4 ) turfgrass species. The reasons for the widespread use of these species lie in their great adaptability to wide pH and
species. Such information is important both for proper species and cultivar selection, as well as for improving and developing superior warm-season turfgrasses through breeding efforts ( Abraham et al., 2008 ). Therefore, the objectives of this research
High temperature is a major factor limiting the growth of turfgrasses during summer in many areas, especially in cool-season species, because cool-season grasses grow most actively within the temperature range of 16 to 24 °C and warm-season
available in the literature on warm-season turfgrass species adaptation and use in this region. Urbanization, tourism, intensive agricultural use, and global warming have strained available water resources on a worldwide basis ( Isendahl and Schmidt, 2006
. This translates into an annual irrigation requirement for tall fescue (including natural precipitation) of ≈46 and 36 inches in Riverside and Irvine, CA, respectively ( Green, 2005 ). Converting preexisting cool-season to warm-season turf swards is one
( Monerri et al., 2011 ; personal unpublished data). Thus, we identify samples collected during December through May as “cool-season” samples and those collected during June through November as “warm-season” samples. There were 489 warm-season samples and
in the northeastern United States and is normally associated with cool-season turfgrasses, whereas southern chinch bugs occur in southern areas of the United States and feed on warm-season turfgrasses ( Reinert et al., 1995 ). Blissus occiduus
(cool-season) and tropical (warm-season) grasses are used in turf situations and they vary considerably in their growth phases, with cool-season grasses growing most in spring and fall and warm-season grasses experiencing peak growth in the summer. In