values of h can be no more than 100 cm. This range of tension is ideally suited for soilless substrates. Personal observation ( Buamscha et al., 2007 ) as well as those published by others ( Gizas and Savvas, 2007 ; Karlovich and Fonteno, 1986 ; Milks
., 2010 ). In contrast, the influence of biochars on soilless substrates used in greenhouse and nursery containers has not been studied adequately, and only a few citations, summarized previously ( Altland and Locke, 2012 ), are tangentially relevant to
from a standard 20N–4.4P–16.6K greenhouse liquid fertilizer, applied at 7.14 mmol·L −1 nitrogen (N) (100 mg·L −1 ; typical for liquid feed in soilless substrates), provides 0.7 mmol·L −1 (22 mg·L −1 ) P. This is more than 10 times higher than the P
rapidly growing global population ( Godfray et al., 2010 ). A key factor contributing to the increased yields obtained from soilless production, as opposed to soil-based production, is the opportunity to select substrate materials that optimize and support
one or more other materials to create an infinite number of possible substrates. Yeager and Newton (2001) reported that at a hands-on workshop in Hillsborough County, FL, nurseries brought 40 soilless substrates used for containerized nursery
The majority of all specialty crops spend a portion of their lifecycle in a container which uses soilless substrates. About 66% of the total $13 billion in annual greenhouse, floriculture, nursery crops sold annually were produced in containers
containers with soilless substrate and highly controlled fertigation management systems ( Voogt et al., 2014 ). Although nurseries have been growing blueberry in soilless substrate for many years, the concept of commercial fruit production in containers is a
Nursery crop production faces significant sustainability challenges in many facets of production; two of the most notable challenges are substrate and water sustainability. As typically soilless systems, this industry is highly dependent on use of
Appreciation is expressed to Sun Gro Horticulture, Bellevue, Wash. for support and provision of substrate materials; Martin Marietta Technologies, Mason, Ohio for the limestone products tested and supporting technical data; and the North
-analysis caution that there was a greater number of increased yield results reported for studies that occurred in weathered or degraded soils that had prior limited fertility and productivity. The influence of biochars on soilless substrates used in greenhouse and