Salt stress is a major issue for turfgrass management around the world. Use of reclaimed, nonpotable water that may contain high levels of salts is becoming a common management practice ( Duncan et al., 2008 ). Additionally, numerous turf areas are
( Hasegawa et al., 2000 ). Exposure to a high concentration of salt causes ion imbalance and hyperosmotic stress to plant cells, which could cause overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in many plant species ( Koca et al., 2007 ; Lechno et al., 1997
irrigate urban landscapes and agricultural crops ( Niu and Rodriguez, 2008 ). Reclaimed water contains high levels of soluble salts, inducing salt stress to plants. High soil salinity is the result of low rainfall and high evapotranspiration in arid and
et al., 2004 ). Beyond the osmotic effects of salt in the root zone, salt stress causes oxidative stress in plant cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, through various metabolic
different from turnips in other regions ( Shi et al., 2011 ; Tuo, 2016 ). Soil salinization is a major threat to global food security. Up to 20% of the world’s irrigated land has been affected by salt stress ( Abogadallah, 2010 ). The salinization area
Pessarakli, 2010 ; Sun et al., 2015 ). Turfgrasses increasingly experience salt stress because of the accelerated salinization of agricultural lands and increasing demand on the use of reclaimed or other secondary saline water for irrigation of turfgrass
Salt stress is a problem for plant growth and agricultural productivity. During different developmental stages, cultivated plants are also exposed to changes in the environment and respond by activating gene expression ( Yanez et al., 2009 ). In
sand root zone) is required to flush salt from the root zone. Reclaimed water use as an irrigation source on golf courses can also contain high amounts of salts ( Harivandi et al. 1992 ). Similar to heat stress, salt stress can reduce the TCC content
). Most studies found that TQ, a measure of turf color, density, and texture, showed significant variation among cultivars under salt stress. Although various mechanisms have been suggested for the variation in salt tolerance, it was found that kentucky
Salinity stress is one of the common abiotic stresses that can directly or indirectly affect the physiological status of plants by disturbing their metabolism and inhibiting root and shoot growth ( Zhu, 2001 ). Previous studies have shown that salt