. The light output from LED lights can be controlled in two different ways. Limiting the current powering the LEDs essentially dims the lights and provides a steady light level, below the maximum light output. Pulse width modulation (PWM) turns LED
/nongrafted cucumber seedling plants were evaluated using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer (IMAGING-PAM; Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). Chl fluorescence was measured at grafting joints when seedlings were at the three true leaves stage (25 d after grafting
for real-time slope measurement and mapping in wild blueberry fields (GPS = global positioning system). (B) Configuration of the slope sensor using accelerometers and microprocessor. The accelerometers' pulse width modulation outputs for their X and Y
after the chilling treatment on each day using a pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer (PAM-2000; Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). Before measuring fluorescence, leaf clips were attached to selected leaflets, and the leaves were adapted to darkness for 10
ability to quickly regulate light-induced pathways by tuning intensity, spectrum, duration, and timing (pulse width modulation) of narrow band LEDs is here now. Literature Cited Ahmed, M. Cashmore, A.R. 1993 HY4 gene of A. thaliana encodes a protein with
was controlled with pulse-width modulation using software (smartPAR Horticulture Lighting Software Version 1.21.2; Lumigrow). The peak wavelengths and FWHM were 445 nm and 17 nm for blue and 665 nm and 16 nm for red channels, respectively. The white
strategies for greenhouses in summer: Control of fogging by pulse width modulation Biosystems Eng. 99 573 586 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.01.001 Powles, S.B. Björkman, O. 1982 Photo-inhibition of photosynthesis: Effect on chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K in
. Mozzanini, E. Mylonas, N. Nuyttens, D. Balsari, P. 2021 Field assessment of a pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system applying different spray volumes: Duty cycle and forward speed effects on vines spray coverage Precision Agr. 1 34 https