., 1995 ). In popcorn, a seed moisture content above or below an optimum range will dramatically reduce popping percentage ( Hoseney et al., 1983 ). In previous collaborative research on nuña bean popping with Dr. Robert Lindsey, Department of Food Science
popping percentage ( Vorwald and Nienhuis, 2009 ). Nuña seed with a moisture content of less that 5% combined with a chamber temperature of 244 °C and popped for 90 s resulted in over 90% fully popped nuña beans ( Vorwald and Nienhuis, 2009 ). Selection
A study was conducted to compare three sterile, commonly used soil-less media (Agrifoam™ and Oasis™, growth foams, and Grodan™, an expanded rockwool substrate) to determine which media characteristics favor seedling development and establishment in hydroponic systems. These media were studied during days 7–10 of the seed germination stage, when one often observes with the use of foam media the occurrence of “pop-outs,” a disorder in which actively growing roots do not penetrate and spiral on the media surface causing the root tip to die. High percentages of pop-outs cause poor seedling stand, and discourage the use of soilless media for seedling germination. Pop-outs were more frequently observed in Agrifoam (50%) compared to the other media, with Oasis intermediate (15%), and Grodan least affected (>5%). Both physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed to isolate the causes of pop-outs. Oasis and Agrifoam both have higher water retention, and pop-outs increased as the water content of the foam increased. High soluble salts, particularly high magnesium in the root zone, produced roots that were “burned” and did not grow. When magnesium salts in concentrations equivalent to that found in Agrifoam were added to Grodan (control substrate), the number of pop-outs increased. The roots were stunted with little or no root hairs, resembling roots when grown in Agrifoam. We conclude that the high incident of pop-outs in Agrifoam, and to a lesser extent, in Oasis, is caused by high-medium water content and toxic levels of magnesium ions in solution.
number of bands generated by any primer were 10 (ILE120) and 15 (UBC835), respectively. The average number of bands was 12.2. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 63.6% (UBC811) to 92.3% (UBC873). As shown in Table 2 , the h values ranged from 0
repeat data. A distance tree was constructed in MEGA5 ( Tamura et al., 2011 ) using the unweighted pair-group method of mathematical averages method. Code number is the same reported in Table 1 . POP = population. All 100 grape accessions
potential consumers about the plant's value and benefits of using them in the landscape. With the increase in the number of green industry branding efforts, interest in understanding the effectiveness of visual content such as point of purchase (POP; e
used as cooked leafy vegetables. The plant matures in 40-60 days. Montana Popping —Vendor: Sow True Seed ( https://sowtrueseed.com ). Parentage: heirloom. Characteristics: Dual-purpose for greens and grain. 4-6’ tall plants with bright green leaves
than 0 (initial plant health was less important than how long the plant will bloom and survive in their yard). Cluster 3 comprised the smallest percentage of the sample (18.7%) and was defined as those participants whose pre- and post
decisions made at the point of purchase (POP), marketers have increased their in-store marketing budgets (e.g., signs, logos, and brands) from ≈3% in 2004 to ≈8% in 2010 ( Ståhlberg and Maila, 2012 ). Marketers use brands at the POP to facilitate consumers
kernel (i.e., due to failure to produce the diploid zygote, producing a “pop”). Pecan is a wind-pollinated species and therefore possesses “dry” pollen when grains are mature. The stigma and pollen of higher plants are of two broad types, i.e., “wet” or