including the traits associated with competitive ability in plants, the costs and benefits of plasticity in those traits, and how plants respond to multiple challenges such as competition and herbivory. These questions are at the foundation of important
are also discussed. Methods and Materials Experimental material. Ten parental gooseberry cultivars ( Table 1 ), originating from different countries and differing in horticultural traits of plant and fruit morphology and reaction to fungal diseases
plant breeding program because it can confound selection schemes and greatly reduce selection effectiveness. Developmental patterns, reproductive timing, and breeding systems are all affected by the environment ( Sultan, 2000 ). Reproductive traits are
., 2007 ), and leaf mineral accumulation ( Wu et al., 2008 ), but no information has been reported for nonheading Chinese cabbage. Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits for plant breeding in nonheading Chinese cabbage and is affected by
traits. Materials and Methods Plant material. Each market class was represented by a single genotype ( Table 1 ). The market classes studied included Imperator, Ball, Nantes, Danvers, and Chantenay. Imperator types are characterized by their
growth studies were replicated at multiple locations to determine how sensitive observed traits were to different environments. Plant phenotypes vary according to the environments where they are evaluated ( Hill, 1975 ). Evaluation of plant traits in
). Consequently, the physiological and morphological traits of the plants are key to understanding the environmental benefits of green roofs. However, the comparative investigation of physiological and morphological traits of green roof plants is limited
mixoploids, or cytochimeras (when occurring as periclinal chimeras), have different ploidy levels in different histogenic layers. Polyploid plants are selected and sought out by plant breeders to improve agricultural traits like organ sizes (including fruit
Orobanche and Striga , CTKs appear to contribute in breaking dormancy by promoting ethylene release ( Kucera et al., 2005 ). Substantial quantities of CTKs are sourced from root tips, which are then distributed to leaves and the rest of the plant ( Wareing
neglected the fact that light can be a means to affect expression and variation of high-value plant traits. A plant phenotype is an output shaped by genetics and environment. Connection between environment and genetics begins with activation of several