predominating ( Harwood, 2018 ). Once produced, they can be subject to further elongation and desaturation. Examples of desaturation in macadamia include palmitic acid (C16:0) to palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and stearic acid (C18:0) to oleic acid (C18:1), whereas
quantity of linoleic, palmitic, oleic, stearic, linolenic, behenic, arachidic, lignoceric, eicosenoic, palmitoleic, myristic, and other fatty acids were determined using a computing integrator and recorded as a percentage of total fatty acids. Fatty acid
palmitoleic acid from 0.31% in ‘Siria-3’ to 0.6% in ‘LeGrand’; for stearic acid from 1.46% in ‘Nonpareil’ to 3.4% in ‘Filippo Ceo’; for oleic acid from 62.86% in ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ to 77.34% in ‘Yosemite’; and for linoleic acid from 14.03% in ‘Yosemite’ to 26
Abstract
Solutions of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm were sprayed on trees of ‘Giarraffa’ olive (Olea europaea L.) time midway between the onset of pit hardening, and the maximum respiratory rate induced early pigmentation of drupes. Treatment modified anthocyanins, respiratory ratio (CO2/O2), polyphenols, redox potential, total sugars and their composition, linoleic/palmitoleic acid ratio, and dry weight. Pulp/stone ratio, respiratory rate, pH, uronic acids, oil, principal fatty acids, and protein content did not differ from the control. Ethephon applied after the occurrence of the maximum respiratory ratio only reduced the fruit detachment strength. These results confirm the hypothesis which attributes a climacteric model to the attached fruits and a nonclimacteric model to the detached ones. The physiological modifications of fruits ripened with ethephon were similar to those found in the last stage of natural maturation.
Previous studies found that high soil temperature is more detrimental than high air temperature for the growth of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris L.). The objective of the study was to investigate changes in fatty acid composition and saturation levels in leaves and roots for creeping bentgrass exposed to high soil temperature. Shoots and roots of `Penncross' plants were subjected to a differential air/soil temperature of 20/35 °C in a growth chamber. Soil temperature was controlled at 35 °C using an immersion circulating heater in water bath. Shoot injury induced by high soil temperature was evaluated by measuring level of lipid peroxidation expressed as malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of leaves. MDA content increased while chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm decreased at high soil temperature. The content of total fatty acids and different species of fatty acids were analyzed in both leaves and roots. Total fatty acid content in leaves increased initially at 5 days of high soil temperature and then decreased at 15 days, while total fatty acid content in roots decreased, beginning at 5 days. Linolenic acid was the major fatty acid in leaves and linoleic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids in roots of creeping bentgrass. Leaf content of all fatty acid components except oleic acid increased initially and then decreased at high soil temperature. Root content of all fatty acid components except palmitoleic acid and oleic acid decreased, beginning at 5 d of high soil temperature. Oleic acid in leaves and palmitoleic and oleic acid in roots did not change during the entire experimental period. Leaf content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids increased during the first 5 to 10 days of high soil temperature and decreased at 15 and 25 days, respectively. Root content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids decreased beginning at 5 days of high soil temperature. Double bond index decreased in both leaves and roots. High soil temperature induced changes in fatty acid composition and saturation levels in leaves and roots, and this could be associated with physiological damages in leaves even though only roots were exposed to high temperature.
Polar lipids were extracted from immature through overripe `Honey Dew' muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) that were exposed to high or low levels of solar radiation. Fatty acid composition of the polar lipids changed and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased as fruit ripened. The percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic and oleic acid as a percent of total fatty acids increased from 8% in melons of minimum maturity to >50% in overripe melons. Also, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased from 2.2 to 5.0. Total polar lipid fatty acid compostion from middle mesocarp tissue (flesh) did not change as much during ripening as the polar lipid composition from the epidermis (peel). Peel tissue from the top of melons relative to the ground had unsaturation ratios of C18 fatty acids and C16 fatty acids 33% and 62% greater, respectively, than peel from the bottom of the melon. Melons of minimum maturity exposed to solar radiation had significantly more unsaturated C18 fatty acids than shaded melons. Increase in the percentage of unsaturated polar lipid fatty acids in `Honey Dew' melons may relate to increases in chilling tolerance reported to occur with ripening and solar exposure.
Abstract
Fatty acids of the seed oils of ‘Chico Grande’, ‘Rutgers’, and ‘Golden Jubilee’ tomatoes, determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), showed no significant quantitative or qualitative differences among cultivars. The major fatty acids were linoleic, 58.0%; oleic, 19.9%; palmitic, 15.6% and stearic, 4.5%. Seven minor acids included linolenic, 1.8%; and trace amounts of myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, margaric, arachidic, and a 17 C acid not identified.
Sixteen amino acids of the solvent extracted seed meals, determined by ion exchange chromatography, showed significant quantitative differences among the 3 cultivars in glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, and lysine. ‘Golden Jubilee’ seed meal protein contained 10.22% lysine compared to 9.23% for ‘Rutgers’, 9.04% for ‘Chico Grande’ and 7.63% for commercial soybean meal. The tomato seed meals were significantly different from the soybean meal in 10 of 16 amino acids. Soybean meal was higher in threonine, serine, and histidine than any of the tomato seed meals and higher than one of them in leucine and isoleucine. All the tomato seed meals and soybean meal were low in methionine.
Abstract
Oil, corresponding in amount to 6-14% of the original nut weight, was extracted from intact macadamia kernels by immersing them in petroleum ether for 48 hours at room temperature. Drying the extracted nuts in a vented oven at 55°C for 24 hours removed the odor and taste of the solvent and their flavor seemed to equal or excel that of nonextracted nuts. Oil thus recovered and marketed could provide additional revenue to the macadamia industry. Nuts of M. tetraphylla and of M. integrifolia were equal in oil content (74.9%) with an iodine value of 71.8 and 75.4, respectively. Macadamia oil had outstanding stability. The 8 major fatty acids in the oil and their mean percentages in the 2 species and their F1 and F2 hybrids were: myristic (0.60), palmitic (8.7), palmitoleic (22.1), stearic (3.6), oleic (59.1), linoleic (1.8), arachidic (2.2), and eicosenoic (1.5). The mean protein content in the lipid free meal of the parental and F1 populations was 36.5%. Arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and leucine made up about 52% of total amino acids recovered in each of the 2 species and the F1 generation.
). A significant reduction in the composition of C18:3 and the disappearance of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) were reported in sage ( Salvia officinalis ) leaves under drought stress ( Bettaieb et al., 2009 ). In Boea hygroscopica , a resurrection plant
(18:0). The monounsaturated fatty acids were palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1), and the polyunsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (18:2) and α-linolenic acid (18:3). The fatty acid hexadecadienoic acid (16:2) was not observed in