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Seeds of herbaceous ornamental accessions conserved by the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) are traditionally produced in summer field cages with honey bees (Apis mellifera) when pollinators are required. Efficient methods to produce high-quality seed in greenhouses may allow for year-round seed production. Flower quantities and effects of pollinators on number and weight of seed produced were studied in field cages and greenhouses at the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center in 2003 in a randomized complete-block experiment. Honey bees, bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), or blue bottle flies (Diptera calliphoridae) were used as pollinators. Field cages and greenhouse compartments with no pollinator were controls. Cultivars used were Antirrhinum majus `Gum Drop', Coreopsis tinctoria `Plains Bicolor', Dianthus chinensis `Carnation' (NPGS accession NSL 15527), Rudbeckia hirta `Indian Summer', and Tagetes patula `Jaguar'. Seeds were harvested, cleaned, weighed, and 100-seed weights calculated. On average Antirrhinum, Dianthus, Rudbeckia and Tagetes produced more flowers in greenhouses, Coreopsis produced more flowers in the field. Coreopsis and Rudbeckia produced more seed per flower on average with field pollination by honey bees, Antirrhinum and Dianthus produced most with bumblebees in the field, and Tagetes produced most with blue bottle flies in the greenhouse. Each genus had similar 100-seed weights on average in all treatments. Results show pollinators other than honey bees are useful for herbaceous ornamental seed production and that seed production in greenhouses may be an alternative method for seed production of herbaceous ornamentals.
opportunities for nursery growers. Several prior efforts have been undertaken to quantify cost estimates for various ornamental plant production systems in the southeastern U.S. ( Hall et al., 1987 ; Hinson et al., 2007 ; Taylor et al., 1986 , 1990
, G. Rieger, M. 2004 Banana cultivar trial for fruit production, ornamental-landscape use, and ornamental nursery production in south Georgia J. Food Distribution Res. 35 1 86 92 Fonsah, E.G. Krewer, G. Rieger, M. 2005 Second year banana cultivar trial
in 13 field-grown, cut flower cultivars: ageratum (two cultivars), celosia, delphinium, foxglove, larkspur, lobelia, ornamental pepper, stock, sweet william, dianthus (two cultivars), yarrow, and zinnia. Materials and methods Experiments with 13 cut
shade trees. The authors did not observe differences in spider mite control between containerized and field-grown plants. One predatory mite of particular interest for use in woody ornamental nursery production is the swirski mite. Introduced in 2005 to
rows, which were seen at all field nursery operations visited. Although there are a number of BMPs that are being used in ornamental field nursery production, there are also a number of concerns based on grower practices. For example, how field nursery
greenhouse, container-, and field nursery production areas in the Chesapeake Bay model, although we would estimate ≈75% of the 20,500 acres of ornamental production area in Maryland is under field production with much lower average N and P inputs (as noted
). Pesticide applications are still a primary approach to ensure the yield and quality of fruits and ornamental plants ( UMass Extension, 2018 ; Zhu et al., 2011a ). For fruit production in the Midwestern United States, apple and peach need to be sprayed more
Caladium ( Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) is an ornamental aroid grown as landscape and potted plants. They are valued for their colorful foliage that comes in various leaf shapes and coloration patterns containing shades of red, pink, white
raised beds containing subsoil fill material and native field soils used for evaluation of selected annual and perennial ornamental species response to nitrogen (N) fertilization and planting conditions in west-central Florida (U.S. Department of