In orchard and nursery production, severe destruction can be caused by certain pests such as plant diseases, e.g., bitter rot [ Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. and Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. and H. Schrenk] and
Nitrogen is the most commonly applied nutrient in orchard crops and is normally applied at higher rates than most other nutrients ( Weinbaum et al., 1992 ). The effect of N on pecan yield and nut growth has been studied since 1918 ( Skinner, 1922
Nitrogen is the most commonly applied nutrient in orchard crops and there are multiple options with regard to the form of N applied ( Weinbaum et al., 1992 ). The effect of N on pecan yield and nut growth has been studied since 1918 ( Skinner, 1922
(U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2021). Given the importance of pecans in this region, much focus has been placed on improving yields and maintaining tree and orchard mineral nutrition status. Less attention has been given to biological, chemical, and
temperature storage are generally the same for conventional and organic orchards, and good practices must be followed and documented ( Suslow, 2000 ). Fruit should be of the proper maturity. Depending on the species, a crop may ripen earlier or later in an
% nationally), but Utah outperforms Michigan in production per acre (Utah 15.8 Mg/ha, Michigan 8.3 Mg/ha; USDA, 2019 , 2021 ). This may be driven by the unique semiarid climate but also may be attributed to average orchard age or orchard management system
frequent applications of pesticides due to intense pressure from pests and diseases and to meet the stringent aesthetic requirements for marketable fruits and vegetables. In apple ( Malus domestica ) orchard and grape ( Vitis vinifera ) vineyards, up to
in the cost of a single input dramatically reduces the profit margin for pecan producers. Legumes and manure, produced by cattle grazing the orchards, were commonly used to provide fertilizer N for pecan trees in the early years of the southeastern
excellent assistance of Luigi Luti, who made his orchard available for the experiments.
roadside and farmers' markets. However, advanced integrated pest management (IPM) and more effective biocontrol agents have recently been successfully used in northeastern U.S. orchards ( Agnello et al., 2003 ; MacHardy, 2000 ; Prokopy et al., 2003