Abstract
Seed from three octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) Fragaria species [F. × ananassa Duch., F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., and F. virginiana Duch.] and three diploid (2n = 2x = 14) species (F. vesca L., F. viridis Duch., and F. daltoniana J. Gay) were placed in vitro on water agar (WA) and ex vitro on 1 sand : 1 sphagnum (v/v) mix. Seed of the octoploid species germinated best regardless of medium. Octoploid species also exhibited better establishment on modified Boxus proliferation medium than the diploids. Five in vitro germination media were tested for F. vesca and F. × ananassa. Fragaria × ananassa germinated best when WA, or WA + sucrose (Su) + 0.1, or 0.05 strength Boxus proliferation nutrients (Nu) was used as the germination medium. Fragaria vesca showed no difference in germination on Su or Nu. However, establishment of F. vesca on proliferation medium was improved if Nu was included in the germination medium. Data indicated that selection for diploid genotypes with good in vitro establishment is possible.
A teaching module was developed for computer-aided instruction of mutation theory. The Hypercard-driven, Macintosh compatible module illustrates the concepts of: 1) Changes in allele frequency with mutation pressure; 2) Number of alleles maintained in populations, and; 3) The Neutrality Hypothesis. The concepts are integrated in an application by using a game format.
Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutation pressure results in changes in allele frequency. Concept 1 illustrates the theoretical changes in allele frequency under pressure of reversible mutation. Mutation equilibrium is depicted as P=V/u+v; where v=mutation rates of allele A and u of allele a. The Infinite-Alleles Model of mutation is illustrated in Concept 2 and specifies characteristics of new mutations by F=1/4Nu+1, where F=fixation index and N=number in population. Concept 3 demonstrates the hypothesis that polymorphisms result from selectively neutral alleles maintained in a balance between mutation and random genetic drift.
A teaching module was developed for computer-aided instruction of mutation theory. The Hypercard-driven, Macintosh compatible module illustrates the concepts of: 1) Changes in allele frequency with mutation pressure; 2) Number of alleles maintained in populations, and; 3) The Neutrality Hypothesis. The concepts are integrated in an application by using a game format.
Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutation pressure results in changes in allele frequency. Concept 1 illustrates the theoretical changes in allele frequency under pressure of reversible mutation. Mutation equilibrium is depicted as P=V/u+v; where v=mutation rates of allele A and u of allele a. The Infinite-Alleles Model of mutation is illustrated in Concept 2 and specifies characteristics of new mutations by F=1/4Nu+1, where F=fixation index and N=number in population. Concept 3 demonstrates the hypothesis that polymorphisms result from selectively neutral alleles maintained in a balance between mutation and random genetic drift.
cultivars, can serve in the aroma industry. Cultivars Dong Fang Hong, Fen Yu Nu, Da Fu Gui, Red Charm, May Lilac, and Roselette had a fruity scent. As shown in Table 2 , the main aromatic component of this group is phenylethyl alcohol (as high as 42.99 μg
high in other wine-producing regions of the world as reported in Willer and Lernoud (2019) , and as shown by the volume and diversity of research on the effect of nonconventional management practices on grape quality (e.g., Bunea et al., 2012 ; Núñez
were expressed as a percentage and compared with established standards (Nu-Chek Prep, Elysian, MN). Data were combined by treatments and tested by analysis of variance using the General Linear Model procedure ( SAS Institute, 2009 ) with significance
vision impairment. Other carotenoids that are beneficial to eye health are provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene; however, the body must convert β-carotene to retinol to provide eye health benefits ( Johnson, 2002 ). In contrast, lutein is more
with dietary health-promoting properties and thus have been gaining more attention as a source of pigments for foods and textiles due to their biological activity ( Arimboor et al., 2015 ; Ksibi et al., 2015 ). As chile pepper fruits mature, they
.3390/nu3080735 10.3390/nu3080735 Park, S.A. Song, C. Choi, J.Y. Son, K.C. Miyazaki, Y. 2016 Foliage plants cause physiological and psychological relaxation as evidenced by measurements of prefrontal cortex activity and profile of mood
). Leaching from containers can be decreased by increasing irrigation frequency but not total volume. Less frequent irrigation may decrease plant growth as a result of nutrient shortage rather than water shortage, and more frequent irrigation may compensate