Macadamia nut kernels ( Macadamia integrifolia, M. tetraphylla ) are very high in oil, accounting for about three-quarters of their weight ( Saleeb et al., 1973 ). The oil itself consists of ≈77% to 80% monounsaturated fat, 1% to 7% polyunsaturated
Abstract
Saturated and mono-unsaturated hydrocarbons (C20—C35) were examined in juice sacs of ‘Clementine’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), ‘Orlando’ and ‘Minneola’ tangelos (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco), and ‘Osceola’, ‘Lee’, ‘Robinson’, ‘Nova’ and ‘Page’ hybrids [C. reticulata × (C. paradisi × C. reticulata)]. ‘Clementine’ had saturated and monoene profiles similar to those previously reported for mandarins. In the 5 mandarin × tangelo hybrids, linear hydrocarbons accounted for ca. 47% of the saturates and more than 70% of the monoenes. The major saturated hydrocarbons were C23 and C25. Except for ‘Nova’ all hybrids showed a greater total percentage of C25 over C23. The C23/C25 ratio of ‘Nova’ (1.53) was more like that of its tangelo than its mandarin parentage. Prominent amounts of C25, C27, C29 and C31 were present in the monoene fraction. All 5 ‘Clementine’ × tangelo hybrids can be differentiated from each other by their linear, monoene components. Based on these profiles, ‘Osceola’ and ‘Page’ appeared to be more like their mandarin than their tangelo parent.
monounsaturated/polyunsaturated ratio ( Pastor et al., 2005 ) and of the unsaturated/saturated ratio ( Stefanoudaki et al., 2001 ) were found in oil from irrigated olive trees than that from nonirrigated trees. The widely accepted assumption that fertilization
variance ( Table 1 ) indicated that canola cultivars exhibited significant effects on contents of oil and C16:0, C18:0, C22:0, C24:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:1, C22:1, total saturated, total unsaturated, monounsaturated, and PUFAs in sprouts
Seed of California almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch, and P. communis (L.) Arcangeli, non-Huds.] genotypes contained very low saturated fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids, and low polyunsaturated fatty acids. Kernel oil consisted primarily of five fatty acids: palmetic, palmetoleic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. Linolenic acid was only present in amounts of <0.02% and only in a few samples. Small but significant differences among genotypes and sampling sites were found in the proportions of palmetic, palmetoleic, and stearic fatty acids. The major differences in fatty acid composition among genotypes was found in the proportions of oleic, a monounsaturated fatty acid, and linoleic, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. The proportion of oleic acid was highest, ranging from ≈62% to 76%, and was highly and negatively correlated with linoleic acid levels. Usable genetic variation and a significant genotype × environment interaction were identified for oil content and composition. The introgression of new germplasm from peach and related species does not appear to reduce oil quantity or quality, and may offer opportunities for further genetic improvement of kernel oil composition.
Pecan nuts from eleven different locations ranging from 1000 heat units at Chetopa, Kansas during the twelve weeks prior to shuck split to 1675 heat units in Zavala County, TX. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased and decreased respectively in `Mohawk' in 1991 and 1992 as the temperature increased during the kernel development period Fatty acids in `Pawnee' responded the same as in `Mohawk' in 1992 but were variable in 1991. Limited data showed a reversal of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in `Osage' in response to kernel development temperature. Higher temperatures caused the testas of `Cheyenne' to be darker in 1991 and 1992. Total oil content of `Mohawk' increased heat units. However, higher temperatures decreased oil content in `Pawnee'. Clinical evaluation of pecans is needed to confirm Grundy's safflower work.
Polar lipids were extracted from immature through overripe `Honey Dew' muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) that were exposed to high or low levels of solar radiation. Fatty acid composition of the polar lipids changed and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased as fruit ripened. The percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic and oleic acid as a percent of total fatty acids increased from 8% in melons of minimum maturity to >50% in overripe melons. Also, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased from 2.2 to 5.0. Total polar lipid fatty acid compostion from middle mesocarp tissue (flesh) did not change as much during ripening as the polar lipid composition from the epidermis (peel). Peel tissue from the top of melons relative to the ground had unsaturation ratios of C18 fatty acids and C16 fatty acids 33% and 62% greater, respectively, than peel from the bottom of the melon. Melons of minimum maturity exposed to solar radiation had significantly more unsaturated C18 fatty acids than shaded melons. Increase in the percentage of unsaturated polar lipid fatty acids in `Honey Dew' melons may relate to increases in chilling tolerance reported to occur with ripening and solar exposure.
Information about oil and fatty acids in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) seed, a promising alternative crop for the mid-Atlantic region of U.S., is largely unknown. Such information is needed to assess the food and feed potentials of tepary bean seed. We determined the concentrations of oil and fatty acids in seed produced by eight tepary bean genotypes planted at three different dates each during 1997 and 1998 at Ettrick, Va. Tepary bean seeds contained 1.8% oil as compared to literature values of 1.3%, 1.1%, and 1.1% for navy, kidney, and pinto beans, respectively. Tepary bean seed oil contained 33% saturated, 67% unsaturated, 24% monounsaturated, and 42% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Planting dates and genotypes did not affect oil concentration. Neb-T-14 was identified to be a desirable genotype based on a low concentration of saturated and a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on concentrations of oil and fatty acids, tepary bean seeds compared well with those of navy, kidney, and pinto beans.
Lack of adequate processing facilities has been a major hindrance in the adoption of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) as an alternative oilseed crop in the southern United States. Therefore, development of alternative uses could be instrumental in facilitating adoption of canola by American farmers. We evaluated chemical composition of greens from four canola cultivars (`Dixie', `Falcon', `HN120-91', and `Jetton') grown during 1995-96 and 1996-97 at Petersburg, Va., to determine their potential as a food and feed source. The results indicated potential yield of ≈11 t·ha-1 of fresh greens and ≈1 t·ha-1 of dry matter. The canola greens contained 3.4% oil and 30.6% protein on a dry weight basis. Canola greens contained 0.52%, 4.14%, 0.35%, 1.59%, and 0.20% (dry weight basis) of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium, respectively. Canola greens also contained 0.94, 2.02, 5.47, 14.65, 28.61, 0.74, and 31.92 (mg/100 g dry weight basis) of sulfur, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, copper, and aluminum, respectively. The oil in canola greens contained 18.79%, 81.14%, 15.36%, and 65.78% saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Based on these values, canola greens compared favorably with mustard and turnip greens.
Fatty acid is known as a physiologically active compound, and its composition in rice may affect human health in countries where rice is the major diet. The fatty acid composition in brown rice of 120 Korean native cultivars was determined by one-step extraction/methylation method and GC. The average composition of 9 detectable fatty acids in tested rice cultivars were as followings: myristic acid; 0.6%, palmitic acid; 21.2%, stearic acid; 1.8%, oleic acid; 36.5%, linoleic acid; 36.3%, linolenic acid; 1.7%, arachidic acid; 0.5%, behenic acid; 0.4%, and lignoceric acid; 0.9%. Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid, which composed around 94%. The rice cultivar with the highest linolenic acid was cv. Jonajo (2.1%), and cvs. Pochoenjangmebye and Sandudo showed the highest composition of palmitic (23.4%) and oleic acid (44.8%), respectively. Cultivar Pochuenjangmebye exhitibed the highest composition of saturated fatty acid (28.1%), while cvs. Sandudo and Modo showed the highest mono-unsaturated (44.8%) and poly-unsaturated (42.4%) fatty acid composition, respectively. The oleic acid showed negative correlation with palmitic and linoleic acid, while positive correlation between behenic and lignoceric acids was observed.