expenses (electricity use as well as replacement lamps). Naturally, advances in lighting technology are of great interest to the CEA community for these very reasons. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the most recent lighting technology to enter the CEA
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are solid-state semiconductor devices that produce narrow spectrum light when voltage is applied. The use of LEDs in photobiology research was reported in the 1980s and the concept of using LEDs for plant lighting was
765 D’Souza, C. Yuk, H.G. Khoo, G.H. Zhou, W. 2015 Application of light-emitting diodes in food production, postharvest preservation, and microbiological food safety Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 14 719 740 Davis, P.A. Burns, C. 2016 Photobiology in
a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement, guarantee, or warranty by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Quantum Devices, Inc. (Barneveld, Wis.) holds a patent (No. 5,012,609) on light-emitting diodes as an
either Dynamac Corporation or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Quantum Devices, Inc., Barneveld, Wis., holds a patent (no. 5,012,609) on light-emitting diodes as an illumination source for plant growth. The cost of publishing this paper was
) fresh head weight, ( B ) fresh root weight, ( C ) dry head weight, and ( D ) dry root weight for lettuce cultivars Costal Star, Muir, Green Butter, and Rouge d’Hiver grown in a hydroponic system under fluorescent light vs. light-emitting diode (LED
polystyrene, and an opaque black curtain was hung between the racks to prevent light pollution between neighboring sections. In each section, two white light-emitting diode (LED) light bars (SPYDRx Plus with PhysioSpec indoor spectrum; Fluence Bioengineering
cycle ( Morrow, 2008 ; Yeh and Chung, 2009 ). Light-emitting diodes are easily configured into different form factors and, for example, have been used to provide intracanopy lighting where whole plant canopies can be irradiated from both above and from
Increases in shoot tissue pigments, glucosinolates, and mineral elements in sprouting broccoli after exposure to short-duration blue light from light emitting diodes J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 138 31 37 Lau, O.S. Deng, X.W. 2010 Plant hormones signaling
.H. Kim et al., 2004 ). For example, studies have been conducted to compare the growth of cucumbers ( Cucumis sativus L.) reared under red or blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The findings showed that, compared with irradiation under white light, root