on the chestnut bud surface, indicating the site of egg attachment, was not evident. However, the presence of hypertrophied cells and cell division around larval chambers demonstrate that D. kuriphilus -induced alterations in chestnut tissue
gluconasturtiin concentration. Materials and Methods Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of cabbage looper larval feeding on gluconasturtiin concentration in ‘Green Rocket’ Chinese cabbage plants. This cultivar was used to model
uptake of water and nutrients. In addition, larval feeding creates wounds that can allow entry of soil-borne plant pathogens ( Gardiner et al., 1990 ; Gillespie and Menzies, 1993 ; Hungerford, 1916 ; Jarvis et al., 1993 ; Wilkinson and Daugherty, 1970
chambers Two different types of custom-made fumigation chambers were used for these experiments. The first fumigation chamber was a modification of the one described in detail by Sholberg et al. (2000) . This modified chamber consisted of a 23-L (0.023 m 3
moth larvae after 13 weeks at 1.5% to 2.0% oxygen (O 2 ) and less than 1% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and held at 0 °C. However, they based the efficacy of their study on the lack of adult emergence rather than larval mortality. Furthermore, the insecticidal
al., 2001 ), and/or biological control by introducing biological control agents ( Birken and Cloyd, 2007 ; Chambers et al., 1993 ; Gillespie and Quiring, 1990 ; Harris et al., 1995 ). Another potential management strategy may be to use products or
key pest in hazelnut orchards. In Oregon, where 99% of the U.S. hazelnuts are produced ( Olsen, 2002a ), filbertworm larvae infest hazelnuts throughout nut development and maturation from June through September (Walton and Chambers, unpublished data
conditions outside. Cultivars were randomized with respect to position in cells and were marked with colored laboratory tape for identification purposes. The cells containing the insects and uprights were placed in growth chambers (PGC-10; Percival Scientific
. Large-scale efficacy and confirmatory tests were performed on the major quarantine insects in both laboratory- and commercial-scale CATTS treatment chambers. The effects of these treatments on both fruit quality and insect mortality are discussed in the
sterilization, fruit were randomly placed into two ethanol-disinfested plastic moist chambers (60 × 40 × 30 cm) and kept at 21 °C and a high relative humidity (100%) under a diurnal regime (12 h of white fluorescent light and 12 h of dark). A 1-cm mycelial plug