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Indoor farming (including vertical and horizontal methods) involves growing food crops under sole-source electric lighting inside buildings, including warehouses. This system is gaining importance globally, especially near urban areas ( Rabara et al

to harvest maturity indoors ( Mitchell, 2004 ). The umbrella term “controlled-environment agriculture” (CEA) covers additional appellations including “indoor agriculture” (IA), “indoor farming” (IF), “vertical farming” (VF), “plant factories” (PF

Kozai, T. Niu, G. Takagaki (eds.), M. 2015 Plant factory: An indoor vertical farming system for efficient quality food production. Academic Press, San Diego, CA Li, Q. 2010 Effects of light quality on growth and phytochemical accumulation of lettuce and

( Liaros et al., 2016 ; Saha et al., 2016 ). Indoor vertical farming, also known as “plant factory,” is a highly controlled environmental system for plant production that uses multiple-layer culture shelves with artificial lighting ( Despommier, 2010

, no studies have evaluated their potential use for indoor farming applications with sole-source lighting. Humic substances are often derived from the decomposition of organic matter through the metabolic activity of soil microbes ( Bulgari et al

natural hardwood logs or in an environment-controlled building on logs or sawdust blocks. When they are cultivated outdoors, an agroforestry practice called forest farming is often used. In forest farming, high-value specialty crops are grown under the

., 2016 ). Indoor farming is an increasingly popular approach for growing leafy vegetables because it allows growers the greatest potential for manipulating the growing environment to optimize taste and morphology based on market preferences ( Despommier

vertical farming environment or indoor farming environment. So of course, it becomes really important for plant factory propagation.” Currently, a limited number of indoor farms are growing vegetable seedlings or herbs in the United States, and a few more

edible plants (e.g., herbs, greens, and low-profile fruiting vegetables) with indoor farming, provides an opportunity to support the gardening experience for consumers with limited access to a growing space (from now on referred to as “indoor gardeners

vegetables) production with indoor farming, has received limited research attention compared with commercial plant production in controlled environments. Recently ranked as one of the fastest-growing garden trends in horticulture, indoor gardening is a