Franksred red maple (Acer rubrum `Franksred') trees were sampled from nursery fields in 2003 and 2004 to determine the cause of a common foliar chlorosis. Plots in 21 and 39 different nurseries were identified in 2003 and 2004, respectively. A single plot from each nursery was sampled in June of each year, whereas two to four plots per nursery were sampled in September. Each plot consisted of 20 consecutive trees in a single row. From each plot, a foliar tissue sample was analyzed for the complete range of essential nutrients. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, and a subjective plant quality rating were also recorded. From each plot, a soil sample was collected and analyzed for pH, EC, organic matter, and a range of essential nutrients. The foliar chlorosis was determined to be incited by manganese (Mn) deficiency. Tissue Mn was highly correlated with soil pH. Chlorotic plants were smaller with less stem diameter than nonchlorotic plants. Sufficiency ranges for tissue and soil tests were determined and are provided for red maple nursery production.
We investigated microclimate, gas exchange, and growth of field-grown Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees in brown, white, or no treeshelters. Microclimate, tree growth, and gas exchange measurements were taken summer and winter. Treeshelter microclimate was greenhouse-like compared to ambient conditions, as short-wave radiation (S↓) was lower, and midday air temperature and relative humidity were higher. In both species, this resulted in less trunk growth and greater specific leaf area, which are growth responses characteristic of shade acclimation. Treeshelter microclimate did, however, substantially increase shoot elongation and stomatal conductance, but did not increase photosynthesis when compared to trees grown without shelters. White shelters allowed 25% more penetration of S↓ than brown shelters, but tree growth and climatic variables did not differ with treeshelter color. Stomatal conductance, however, was higher for trees in white shelters. Treeshelters also appeared to have a negative effect on plant hardiness. New shoot growth in shelters was more winter-damaged, particularly in maple, than nonsheltered trees. This may be related to winter bark (Tb) and air temperature (Ta). Winter midday Tb on trees grown in shelters was up to 15C higher than Tb on trees outside shelters, while midday Ta inside treeshelters was up to 20C higher than Ta outside treeshelters.
Recent droughts and depleted water tables across many regions have elevated the necessity to irrigate field-grown (FG) nursery trees. At the same time, ordinances restricting nursery irrigation volume (often without regard to plant water requirements) have been implemented. This research investigated gas exchange and growth of two FG maple tree species (Acer × freemanii `Autumn Blaze' and A. truncatum) subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo) irrigation regimes (100%, 60%, and 30% of ETo) in a semi-arid climate. During Spring 2002, nine containerized (11.3 L) trees of each species were field planted in a randomized block design. Each year trees were irrigated through a drip irrigation system. During the first growing season, all trees were irrigated at 100% ETo. Irrigation treatments began Spring of 2003. Gas exchange data (pre-dawn leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance) were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons and growth data (shoot elongation, caliper increase, and leaf area) were collected at the end of each growing season. For each species, yearly data indicates irrigation regime influenced gas exchange and growth of these FG trees. However, it is interesting to note gas exchange and growth of these FG maple trees were not necessarily associated with trees receiving the high irrigation treatment. In addition, it appears the influence of irrigation volume on the growth of these FG trees is plant structure and species specific. Our data suggests irrigation of FG trees based upon local ETo measurements and soil surface root area may be a means to conserve irrigation water and produce FG trees with adequate growth. However, continued research on the influence of reduced irrigation on FG tree species is needed.
Sixty clones (four clones from each of 15 provenances) were micropropagated and planted in replicated plots in lowland and upland sites in Carbondale, IL in 1991. Data were collected on tree growth, including basal caliper, height, branching, crown volume, dates of bud break, bud set, and leaf fall. There were significant and strong positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations between tree height and basal caliper throughout the three years of growth. During 1993, bud break was not significantly correlated with any growth parameters. After three years in the field, tree height was significantly negatively correlated with the amount of callus that had formed after one month during the in vitro micropropagation phase. However, all shoots that formed in vitro were of axillary origin.
Four selected clones from each of 15 provenances were clonally micropropagated and established in plastic mulch in both upland and lowland plantations in southern Illinois. Despite a severe drought, survival in the field was 95%. The plastic mulch controlled weeds, reduced erosion, and supplemental irrigation was not necessary. Although clonal differences in field mortality were statistically significant, the lower survival of some clones may be attributable to plantlet size and planting technique rather than to genetic differences among clones. There was a longer growing season for trees from the midwest and southern provenances as evidenced by date of bud set. As a group, trees from the IL, IN, KS, and MS provenances set bud 26 days later in the upland site and 19 days later in the lowland site than the trees from the northern provenances of MN, NH, Ontario, and VT. The shorter growing season resulted in reduced height and caliper growth of trees from the northern provenances.
.11509°N, long. 20.6002°E), 5) sycamore maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) (lat. 43.0664°N, long. 20.59239°E), 6) Norway maple ( Acer platanoides L.) (lat. 43.05571°N, long. 20.57673°E), 7) field maple ( Acer campestre L.) (lat. 43.11693°N, long. 20.5967°E
regions of North America ( Bsoul et al., 2006 ; St. Hilaire, 2002 ), bigtooth maple ( Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is a candidate taxon for selecting drought-tolerant ecotypes. Plant water relations ( Hsiao, 1973 ), stable carbon isotope discrimination
objectives of this study were to determine the periodicity (timing and magnitude) of first-season root, shoot, and trunk growth of sugar maples growing in field or container, the two most common production methods. Trees were either grown in the field and
winter and underwent a slight decline in spring ( Fig. 1 ). Hendrick and Pregitzer (1993a) reported slight declines in standing root length in winter and spring in a sugar maple-dominated forest. Similar to the non-transplanted field trees, non
( Southern Nursery IPM Working Group, 2014 ). In field and container nursery production in the southeastern United States, these pests are generally managed through cultural practices and rotations of conventional pesticides ( North Carolina State University