cultivars have been determined at various locations in the United States. The optimal date of planting was April to May for ‘Sharp’s Improved’ buffalograss in Kansas ( Fry et al., 1993 ), whereas fastest establishment in Colorado occurred with seeding in
seed, sod, or plugs. Many of the problems that were commonly associated with poor establishment of seeded buffalograss have been remedied with the release of newer, turf-type cultivars ( Shearman et al., 2005 ). Buffalograss sod often experiences
Organic amendments, including municipal and animal sources of biosolids, can be applied to improve soil physical and chemical properties and turfgrass establishment, growth, and quality ( McCoy, 1998 ). Although the amendments contribute total and
, 1973 ; Bigelow et al., 2001 ; Callahan et al., 2001 ). Retention of nutrients in sand-based putting green root zones is especially difficult during the first year of establishment ( Carrow et al., 2001 ; Guertal, 2008 ). Putting greens are dynamic
been reported to inhibit establishment of cool- and warm-season turfgrasses from seed. Prepackage products that include auxin herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPP are recommended to be applied 3 to 4 weeks before seed is sown or after two to three mowing
In Georgia, cool-season grasses are primarily seeded in fall, rather than spring, to optimize establishment and minimize competition with warm-season annual grassy weeds. However, soil disruption, fertilization, and regular irrigation during
, nutritional history, and development environment are believed to affect the time to establishment and optimum plant size for fruiting. Therefore, these factors have the potential to introduce variability into the field ( Hepton and Bartholomew, 2003 ). The
treating the perennial ryegrass sward with a nonselective herbicide before seeding bermudagrass. This may require that the area be closed during the establishment period, however, resulting in a significant loss of revenue at some facilities, such as golf
, 1960 ) to increase germination ( McGinnies, 1960 ) and establishment rates ( Portz et al., 1993 ), as well as to reduce erosion ( Krenitsky et al., 1998 ). Cover technology has been well-documented to influence the establishment of cool-season swards
73 ORAL SESSION 22 (Abstr. 175–182) Seedling Establishment/Vegetables