the economic value of the program. Thirteen years of program bank account transaction information provided economic data regarding the expenses and deposits related to the program. Deposits made to this account included only revenue obtained from
5 inches or larger increased, and those sold in smaller containers or flats were reduced compared with the previous year ( USDA, 2016 ). Considering the economic value of potted bedding plants and the economic and environmental needs to reduce
Potted poinsettias are one of the most important greenhouse ornamental crops in the United States, with wholesale value of $140 million in the top 15 states. The potted poinsettia was ranked number two among potted plants for its economic value and
economic value. Literature Cited Alem, P. Thomas, P. van Iersel, M. 2013 Irrigation volume and fertilizer concentration effects on leaching and growth of petunia Acta Hort. 1034 143 148 Alem, P. Thomas, P.A. van Iersel, M.W. 2015 Controlled water deficit as
Abstract
A 13.9 m2(150 ft2) vegetable garden grown in Columbus, Ohio, in 1975 yielded 95.5 kg of produce or 6.85 kg per m2. The produce had a retail value of $90.45 or $6.50 per m2. The mean economic savings from all vegetables disregarding any labor and transportation expenses was $3.01 per m2 or $42 for the garden.
Abstract
Staked tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) grown in 8 soil management systems are compared for differences in marketable yields, gross revenues, treatment costs, and net economic values. Maximum marketable yields were obtained using a fumigant and straw mulch combinatory practice, but the highest net economic value (gross revenues less treatment costs) was realized by a fumigant and herbicide ground management practice. These data suggest that the use of mulch materials and/or herbicides increased yields and net returns over standard cultivation practices.
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars Lawspur Rome Beauty (a terminal bearer), Smoothee Golden Delicious, and Redchief Delicious (a spur-type) on MM. 106 or MM.111 were planted as whips or feathered trees (branched during their initial year of growth in the nursery) with the feathers pruned or unpruned. During the first year of growth, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ made more new growth than trees planted as whips, and pruning the feathered trees further increased new growth. The branching status of trees at planting had no influence on the first year growth of ‘Redchief’ and ‘Smoothee’. Following the second growing season, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’ had increased trunk cross-sectional areas, but those of ‘Redchief’ were not significantly increased. In the third season, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’ produced higher yields than trees planted as whips. Feathered trees of ‘Smoothee’, left unpruned at planting, had higher yields than trees with the feathers pruned; however, the opposite was true with ‘Lawspur’. Average shoot growth of trees on MM. 106, planted as whips, was longer than on MM.111; however, the opposite was true with feathered trees. Total growth/tree on MM.111 was increased for feathered trees, but there was no effect of initial branching status on growth of trees on MM. 106. Calculation of present values indicated positive economic benefits resulting from planting feathered trees of both ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’. There was no positive economic return generated by any of the treatments on ‘Redchief’ or ‘Smoothee’ planted as whips after 4 years of growth.
Economic analyses compared the returns of weed control methods for drip and sprinkler irrigated celery (Apium graveolens L. `Sonora'). The nine treatments included an untreated control, cultivation as needed for weed control, a pre-emergent herbicide (trifluralin), and six post-emergent herbicides. The effect of each treatment on weed control, yield, crop value, cost of control, costs for additional hand-weeding, net return, and dollar investment (marginal rate of return) was determined. The treatments that reduced weed populations under drip and sprinkler irrigation also increased yield, net returns, and rate of returns. Effective weed control reduced the additional costs of hand-hoeing the weeds not killed by herbicides, resulting in greater net return. The net returns of weed control were even greater when celery was drip irrigated than when sprinklers were used. In 1998, the sprinkler irrigated field returned $1148 to $3921/ha, compared with -$5984 for the untreated control. Net returns for drip irrigation were much higher, ranging from $3904 to $9187/ha compared with -$8320 for the untreated control. Net returns were also higher in 1999, ranging from $2466 to $5389 when weeds were controlled compared with a net loss of $5710 for the untreated control in the sprinkler irrigated field. The returns on the drip-irrigated field were much higher, from $6481 to $8920 when weeds were controlled, compared with -$8046 for the untreated control. The associated returns for every dollar invested (marginal rate of return) in the non-dominated treatment (more return and lower cost) ranged from 52% to 156% for sprinkler irrigation, and 59% to 144% for drip irrigation in 1998. In 1999, the rate of return for each dollar invested ranged from 104% to 324% for sprinkler and 2.4% to 321% for drip irrigated fields.
Field experiments were established at the University of California Desert Station in Coachella Valley from 1998 to 2000. The main plot treatments included: 1) summer cowpea used as mulch in the fall; 2) summer cowpea incorporated into soil in the fall; 3) summer sudangrass incorporated into the soil in the fall; and 4) summer fallow (bare-ground). An economic comparison of cover crop treatments and crop management programs vs. the effect on yield, crop value, value of hand weeding, costs of production and net return, and dollar investment from each treatment was determined. Among the cropping systems tested in 1999, lettuce following the incorporation of a cowpea cover crop produced the highest yield (1082.43 boxes/ha), with a net return of $883.04/ha. The return for each dollar invested in the cowpea-incorporated system was an additional $0.65 if cowpea-incorporated was chosen over cowpea mulch. In 2000, the net return from lettuce following cowpea-incorporated was much higher with 1294.23 boxes/ha and a net return of $1698.46/ha. In 1999, cantaloupe grown in the cowpea-incorporated system had the highest net return of $973.34/ha, with 874.58 boxes. An additional $0.93 was made for choosing cowpea-incorporated over sudangrass. In 2000, cantaloupe grown in the cowpea-incorporated system had even higher yields than in 1999, producing 1522.89 boxes/ha and returning over $3000.00. And an additional $0.93 was made for choosing cowpea-incorporated over sudangrass cover crop. Overall, the rate of return on investment favored cowpea-incorporated over all cover crops.
Fruit maturity, quality, calcium concentration and economic value of `Starkrimson Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh.) apples, under a range of crop levels and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] cumulative mite-days (CMD), were best explained by local surface regression models involving CMD and crop load. Fruit from trees with low CMD and a light crop (125 fruit/tree, about 20 t/ha) were the most mature at harvest. Those fruit had higher ethylene concentrations, starch pattern indices, soluble solids concentrations, and watercore incidence at harvest than fruit from trees with low CMD and a normal crop (300 fruit/tree, about 40 t/ha), or with high CMD at any crop level. Those fruit also had higher incidences of watercore and internal breakdown after 4 months of cold storage. Calcium concentrations in fruit increased as crop load and CMD increased. Whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rate per fruit related better to fruit quality and calcium concentrations than either crop load or CMD alone, but was always a much worse predictor than local surface regressions. Low CMD and normally cropped trees had the highest crop value; lightly cropped trees had an intermediate crop value; while high CMD and normally cropped trees had the lowest crop economic value. Crop load should be considered when defining action thresholds for mites, and harvest schedules for apples should reflect crop load and mite populations on apple trees.