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The way extension specialists and educators conduct programs, such as workshops, and transfer information to their designated clientele, including homeowners, professionals, and specialty groups, has changed within the last decade due to merging departments, budget cuts, reduced operating funds, and lack of refilling vacant positions. These factors have resulted in a number of driving forces that influence the way extension specialists and educators perform their duties, such as accountability, regionalization of extension, impact of technology, and expanding expertise. To be accountable under today's standards, extension specialists and educators must document the impact, relevance, and effectiveness of their programs. Required documentation must include economic, environmental, and human development factors. The effect of downsizing in many states has led to regionalization, which involves sharing extension specialists and educators across state boundaries. Although there are concerns, such as funding issues and evaluation of extension specialists and educators among states, regionalization in general has resulted in collaborative efforts to organize workshops and produce regional publications that serve a wider clientele base. Extension specialists and educators need to use computer-based and electronic technology, such as teleconferencing and distance-education, to present effective programs and address a wider audience, which will reduce the amount of required travel time. Finally, extension specialists and educators need to keep abreast of issues, such as invasive species, and develop programs to increase awareness of the economic and ecological impacts of invasive species in order to effectively serve the clientele base. Extension specialists and educators will more effectively serve their clientele, justify the importance of extension programming, demonstrate extension as a valued resource to administrators, and deal with the challenges of financial constraint existing now and in the foreseeable future by documenting impact, using multi-state programming, adopting new technology, and keeping up with current issues.
fertilizer. The major constraints of using natural sources of fertilizers are the bulky nature and the heavy application rates needed to meet the nutrient requirements of the cash crop. The average nitrogen (N) content of chicken manure is 26–72 lb/ton of
demonstrations, for both the extension system (delivery) and the intended audience. Nationally, budgets for the Cooperative Extension Service have decreased (1980–2010), leading to a concomitant reduction in extension faculty and field staff as well as reduced
developed strawberry enterprise production budgets to compare production costs and revenues for each system to assess their economic viability. Finally, we used a set of environmental indicators to compare the environmental and human health impacts of each
associated with extension programming The way extension specialists and educators conduct programs has changed as factors such as merging departments, reduced operating funds, and budget cuts have influenced how extension specialists and educators perform
, limited travel budgets and time constraints make interactive television program delivery attractive to Master Gardener instructors and administrators. `MARIANNA 2624' PLUM AS A ROOTSTOCK FOR ALMOND Not all almond varieties are
with South Carolina school-based gardens based on survey responses from 52 South Carolina educators. Garden sustainability. School garden funding has been identified as a constraint within the literature ( Azuma et al., 2001 ; Blair, 2009 ; DeMarco et
plant outlets ranking second ( Potts et al., 2002 ). The majority of Hawaiian landscape architects averaged 10% to 24% of their project budget as native plant expenditures ( Tamimi, 1999 ), whereas over half of the Utah professionals listed native plant
, we calculated the inverse elasticity of supply for each apple variety. We also used partial budget and economic impact analyses to calculate the profit losses from a potential expansion of apple maggot. Materials and methods First, to assess
Tomato is the top-ranking fresh-market vegetable crop in the United States with an annual market value of $1.3 billion ( U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010a ). Weeds are a major constraint to vegetable production, reducing fruit yield and quality