herbicides for roughstalk bluegrass control are bispyribac-sodium {2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy] benzoic acid} and sulfosulfuron (1-[4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl]-3-{[2-ethanesulfonyl-imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-3-yl] sulfonyl}) urea. Bispyribac-sodium
PRG injury ( Dernoeden and Turner, 1988 ; Lee, 1981 ). Safe and effective annual bluegrass control with ETHO and other herbicides in CBG, however, has been inconsistent ( Dernoeden, 2002 ; Vargas and Turgeon, 2004 ). Bispyribac-sodium [2,6-bis({4
( Prunus avium ) fruit production ( Bhatti et al., 1995 ). Bispyribac-sodium is widely used in California rice fields for the control of grass species such as early watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzoides ), late watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola
with unacceptable Kentucky bluegrass injury ( Adams, 1989 ; Dernoeden and Turner, 1988 ). Aside from ethofumesate, there are currently no selective herbicides labeled for control of established annual bluegrass in Kentucky bluegrass. Bispyribac-sodium
). Bispyribac-sodium is an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, which is used for pre- and postflood grass and broadleaf weed control in rice ( Oryza sativa ). It is sold under the trade name Regiment ® for use in rice at rates of up to 32 g·ha −1 ( Valent U
stolons is difficult. Therefore, interseeding CBG soon after herbicide application could help repopulate these bare areas and compete with other weeds or surviving RBG. Two selective herbicides that control RBG in CBG are bispyribac–sodium {2,6-bis[(4
species in newly seeded turf stands. Options to control mature RSBG in CBG are limited. Nonselective removal using glyphosate is effective but undesirable as a result of CBG cover reduction. Selective control of RSBG in CBG is effective using bispyribac–sodium
Previous research has demonstrated that bispyribac-sodium can selectively control established annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Annual bluegrass is also a problematic weed in other cool-season turfgrass species. However, the relative tolerance of other cool-season turfgrass species to bispyribac is not known. Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, N.J., in 2002 and 2003 to gain understanding of the phytotoxic effects that bispyribac may have on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (L.) Schreb.), and chewings fine fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.). Single applications of bispyribac at 37 to 296 g·ha–1 were applied to mature stands of each species on 11 June, 2002 and 10 June, 2003. Visual injury was evaluated and clippings were collected 35 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Visual injury at 35 DAT increased as bispyribac rate increased. Kentucky bluegrass was least tolerant to bispyribac with up to 28% injury when applied at 296 g·ha–1. Injury on other species did not exceed 20%. Initial injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue was primarily in the form of chlorosis, while kentucky bluegrass exhibited more severe stunting and thinning symptoms. Bispyribac at rates from 74 to 296 g·ha–1 reduced kentucky bluegrass clipping weights by 19% to 35%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control at 35 DAT in 2002. Initial visual injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue dissipated to ≤5% by 70 DAT. However, recovery of kentucky bluegrass was less complete. These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium has potential to severely injure kentucky bluegrass. Injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue appears to be less severe and persistent; therefore, bispyribac can be used for weed control in these species. Chemical names used: 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium).
control in lakes, ponds, and other water bodies ( Koschnick et al., 2006 ; Michel et al., 2004 ). Thus, the need for additional effective aquatic herbicides is great. The herbicides tested in these experiments—bispyribac-sodium, quinclorac, topramezone
reported to confer strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (BS), one of the pyrimidinylcarboxylates ( Kawai et al., 2007b ; Osakabe et al., 2005 ). The aim of this study is to describe the effectiveness of a mutated ALS gene in conferring herbicide