Tagging Genes for Nematode Resistance and Tree Growth in Peach.” Provision of the F 2 population HB × Oki by Craig Ledbetter, USDA-ARS, is gratefully acknowledged. Information regarding microsatellite pchgms1 and the L×N CAPs marker was provided by Albert
Peach rootstock breeding may be accelerated by utilization of molecular markers linked to the root-knot nematode resistance locus (Mi) to screen segregating populations. A genetic linkage map was constructed using RFLP markers in an F2 population (PMP2) that is segregating for this locus. PMP2 is derived from a controlled cross of the relatively diverse peach rootstocks Harrow Blood (susceptible) and Okinawa (homozygous resistant). Bulked Segregant Analysis was applied using RAPD markers. A single small (227 base pairs) RAPD marker was found to be linked to the dominant resistant allele of Mi at a distance of 10 cM. This new marker joined the Mi locus to the RFLP linkage map and showed that two dominant RFLP markers are located between the RAPD marker and Mi. RFLPS are expensive, time-consuming and RAPD markers are unreliable, and therefore both are unsuitable for screening breeding populations. We attempted to convert the RAPD marker to a more breeder-friendly CAPS marker. The converted CAP marker was dominant. Attempts to convert the CAP marker to a co-dominant marker were not successful. The utility of the CAP marker was tested in an open pollinated F2 population derived from the F1 parent of PMP2 and in several rootstocks. The genetic linkage map was compared to other Prunus maps. The PMP2 linkage group containing the Mi locus can be related to the peach × almond linkage group which contains the phosphoglucomutase Pgm-1 locus.
In crosses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) between parents producing a mild or susceptible reaction to lettuce mosaic virus, a single gene segregated. The heterozygote reacted in an intermediate manner. In crosses between mild-reacting and resistant parents, the mild reaction gene and the resistant gene segregated independently. The resistant and mild alleles together produced a new phenotype that is usually symptomless. The gene symbol proposed is Mi'Mi, where Mi' gives the mild phenotype. Breeding is in progress to combine the mild and resistant traits in new lettuce cultivars.
the first of these to be released, available to growers in 1961. From 1961 to 2003, the dm-1 resistance gene from PI 197087 was sufficient to control downy mildew, and the disease was only a minor problem on cucumber. St. Amand and Wehner (1991
Abstract
‘Auburn 76’ FMN, herein referred to as ‘AU 76’, is an indeterminate true breeding fresh market tomato cultivar named in honor of America’s Bicentennial and released by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (Fig. 1). ‘AU 76’ possesses 3 dominant genes (I, Tm2a and Mi) conditioning, respectively, near-immunity to both Fusarium race 1 (F) and tobacco mosaic virus (M), and resistance to root knot nematodes (N).
Resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants has been reported to break down at soil temperatures >28C. We evaluated in vitro root explants of tomato heterozygous (Mimi), homozygous (MiMi) at the Mi locus, or lacking the Mi-1 gene for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood at 28, 31, 34, and 37C. Genotypes Ace-55 UF and Rutgers, lacking the dominant allele, were susceptible to M. incognita and M. arenaria at all temperatures. Genotypes possessing the dominant allele (heterozygous or homozygous) were equally resistant to both nematode species. The resistance level in these genotypes was maintained fully at 31C, partially maintained at 34C, and lost at 37C. Resistance in the heat-tolerant Mi-heterozygous accession CLN 475-BC1F2-265-4-19 was not different from that of the heat-sensitive genotypes. As temperature increased, the genotypes differed in their sensitivity to resistance conferred by the Mi-1 locus.
In `Myrobalan' plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehr.), Ma1 and Ma2 are single major dominant genes that control the resistance to the predominant root-knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and M. javanica (Treub). These genes were evaluated for activity to the northern RKN M. hapla Chitwood and the tropical RKN M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, neither of which is controlled by the Mi gene from tomato. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a resistance screening based on high and durable inoculum pressure by the nematodes. Tests were conducted simultaneously for: M. arenaria (as a reference for the Ma genes); M. hapla and M. mayaguensis from crosses segregating for either Ma2 alone or Ma2 and Ma1 and involving the resistant parental clones P.2175 (heterozygous for Ma1) and P.1079 (homozygous for Ma2); and the host parental clone P.2646 (recessive for both Ma genes). Each parental clone and each individual of the segregating progenies reacted in a similar way to M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis, indicating that the Ma genes also control resistance to M. mayaguensis. By contrast, all parental clones and progenies were completely resistant to M. hapla, and, despite high inoculum pressure, no effect of the Ma genes on this species could be established.
Two F1 hybrid Prunus rootstocks, K62-68 and P101-41, developed from a cross of `Lovell' [susceptible to both Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] and `Nemared' (resistant to both root-knot nematode species), were selfed to produce two F2 seedling populations. Vegetative propagation by herbaceous stem cuttings was used to produce four or eight self-rooted plants of each F2 seedling for treatment replications. Eggs of M. incognita and M. javanica were inoculated into the potted media where plants were transplanted, and plants were harvested and roots examined for signs and symptoms associated with root-knot nematode infection ≈120 days later. Segregation ratios in both F2 families suggested that resistance to M. incognita in `Nemared' is controlled by two dominant genes (Mi and Mij) and that to M. javanica by a single dominant gene (Mij). Thus, Mij conveys resistance to both M. incognita and M. javanica.
f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyd. and Hans.] races 1, 2, and 3 ( I, I-2 , and I-3 genes); root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp., Mi gene); Tomato mosaic virus ( Tm-2 gene); and Tomato spotted wilt virus ( Sw-5 gene). Origin The
1 Associate Professor. Present address: Dept. of Horticulture, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824. I thank Pat Bowen, Marvin Pritts, G. Stanley Howell, and Eric Hanson for comments on the manuscript