( Okko, 2004 ). Bliss (1937) suggested that Fusarium sp. may be involved in the process. Recently, Fusarium proliferatum has been isolated from roots and leaves of declining date palm ( Abdalla et al., 2000 ) and other palm species ( Armengo et al
as F. camptoceras, F. acumintum, and F. equiseti, F. chlamydosporum F. solani, F. proliferatum, Fusarium graminearum , and F. oxysporum, have widespread distribution, survive a long time in crop debris and soil, and may have been pathogens in a
incurred if fields are replanted with asparagus ( Blok and Bollen, 1995 ). A number of facts worldwide contribute to asparagus decline, but the most significant is crown and root rot caused by Foa and Fusarium proliferatum ( Elmer et al., 1996
, Fusarium proliferatum (Fp), and Fusarium redolens etc. ( Knaflewski et al., 2008 ; Reid et al., 2002 ; Wong and Jeffries, 2006 ). In Japan, Nahiyan et al. (2011) demonstrated that Foa and Fp are dominant fusarium species in asparagus decline fields
proliferatum has also been found to cause bulb decay in Washington State ( du Toit et al., 2003 ), and Fusarium basal rot can progress to bulb decay in storage ( Schwartz and Mohan, 2008 ). The 2014 and 2015 onion growing seasons in the Pacific Northwest of
source of novel biological fungicides that lack the side effects of chemical fungicides. Yassin et al. (2021) demonstrated that T. harzianum had antagonistic activity against Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides , with mycelial
Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium oxysporum , which infect asparagus and produce soil toxins that inhibit asparagus growth ( Keulder, 1999 ; Morrison et al., 2011 ). The application of herbicides has been suggested as a stressor that may facilitate
had internal dry scales that were colonized by fungi (mainly Fusarium proliferatum ), yeasts, and/or bacteria ( du Toit et al., 2015 ). A regression analysis using mean results from the 46 onion cultivars evaluated in the 2014 trial was used to