Hybrid onion ( Allium cepa ) seed is produced using systems of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Two sources of CMS (R- and S-CMS) are the most commonly used commercially, and a third type (T-CMS) is used more rarely ( Havey and Kim 2021 ). For
Hybrid-onion ( Allium cepa ) seed is produced using sources of CMS. The first source of onion CMS was described by Jones and Clarke (1943 ), and male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm with the
Hybrid onions are widely grown throughout the world and are commonly produced using CMS lines as seed parents ( Havey, 2000 ). For the most commonly used source of CMS in onion, male sterility results from the interaction of male sterile (S
hybrid, and CMS greatly facilitates the production of F 1 hybrid seeds without the need for flower emasculation ( Chase, 2007 ; Hanson and Bentolila, 2004 ). The pepper CMS system was first reported by Peterson in 1958 from an Indian Capsicum annuum
Abstract
Intergeneric crosses between radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and several horticultural forms of Brassica oleracea L. were made at Beltsville in 1967 and 1969 following a suggestion by A. E. Kehr that alloplasmic male sterility in cole crops could be originated from wide hybridization and genome transfer in much the same way that male sterility was known to arise in other plant groups, such as Nicotiana. Synthesis of raphanobrassica amphidiploids and difficulties in eliminating radish chromosomes and female sterility in the early backcrosses with B. oleracea (broccoli and cabbage) have been described (3), and the recovery of male-sterile and female-fertile broccoli-like plants in a BC 6 family has been reported (4). Because subsequent backcrosses with broccoli and several other forms of B. oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts) produced some plants with partially restored pollen fertility, it was necessary to locate maintainer genotypes for the cytoplasmic male sterility. Several maintainer lines were selected during the course of another six backcrosses with cabbage inbreds and cultivars. In Feb. 1987, two of these, TM-LFD 508 and CD 512, and corresponding male-sterile lines CMS(ESG) 508 and CMS(ESG) 512, were released by ARS to plant breeders.
plants such as maize ( Zea mays ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), canola ( Brassica napus ), and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) ( Kaul, 1988 ). It can be inherited nuclearly, in genic male sterility (GMS), or maternally, through the mitochondrial genome, in CMS
Hybrid onion ( Allium cepa L.) cultivars are widely grown around the world due in part to hybrid vigor and greater uniformity. Because onion has perfect flowers, production of hybrid seed is based on systems of CMS. For the most widely used CMS in
produce functional pollen in the CMS systems is controlled by the plant’s mitochondrial genome, and thus CMS is maternally inherited ( Ji et al., 2014 ). Over the past two decades, several types of CMS have been discovered. The two main classes of CMS are
An experiment was conducted to determine the types, extent, and heritability of new phenotypic variants recovered from carrot cell cultures initiated from mature tap-root explants of the male-fertile carrot (Daucus carota L.) `Slendero'. Embryogenic callus was transferred to plant-growth-regulator-free medium 66 days after culture initiation, and regenerated plantlets were harvested and eventually planted in a field. The tap roots of mature regenerated plants were vernalized at 5C for 9 weeks and replanted. Of 31 flowering regenerants, 25 exhibited some form of petaloid male sterility; the remaining six regenerants were male fertile. All plants from the same original explant were either all sterile or all fertile. Three generations of sterile regenerant × petaloid cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) maintainer (M) progeny tests showed that the new CMS behaved in a similar manner to that previously reported. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns of sterile and fertile regenerants with those of `Slendero', petaloid CMS, petaloid M, and brown anther CMS lines resulted in the following conclusions: 1) the sterile regenerants exhibited patterns identical to the known petaloid CMS and 2) the fertile regenerants were different from the original `Slendero' and the sterile regenerants and nearly identical to a known petaloid CMS M line. The high frequency of CMS among regenerants from `Slendero' carrot cell cultures may provide an efficient method to develop sterile M tandem lines and corresponding new hybrid varieties.
Abstract
Nectary development in cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) Brassica campestris L. was partially restored through 3 cycles of selection for nectary size and number. No major anatomical differences between nectaries of normal and cms plants were apparent under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Half-sib family analysis of nectary development showed negligible additive genetic variance but a prominent maternal effect. Differential response to selection observed in 3 pedigrees suggests the possibility of capitalizing on nuclear-cytoplasmic diversity for the improvement of nectary function.