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Improvements in sensor technology coupled with advances in knowledge about plant physiology have made it feasible to use real-time substrate volumetric water content sensors to accurately determine irrigation timing and application rates in soilless

. Often a combination of both approaches is used. Several devices are available to determine in situ soil moisture status. Soil moisture measurement Electromagnetic techniques (resistive, capacitance, and time-domain reflectometry sensor) include methods

harvesting leaves that are then dried and chemically analyzed. This process takes time, is expensive, and most importantly may not meet grower needs for adjusting N for the current crop. Use of nondestructive handheld sensors can provide an instant indication

. Sensor networks and water use models have been suggested as ways to improve irrigation efficiency and reduce water use in ornamental horticulture ( Lea-Cox, 2012 ; Million et al., 2010 ). Using sensors to collect quantitative information about crop water

analysis have led to the development of alternative dielectric sensors that also use substrate dielectric properties to determine moisture content ( Seyfried and Murdock, 2004 ). Capacitance and frequency techniques offer an excellent alternative to TDR due

rates of agrochemicals that are targeted only under crop canopies and therefore over root zones. Various sensors are used to quantify this spatial variation which includes soil electrical conductivity (EC), yield, canopy size, and canopy color. Sensor

texture and that a combination of turfgrass color and turfgrass cover accounted for most of the variability in models used to predict sensor measurements from human evaluations. These results were further confirmed by Kenworthy et al. (2006) on

PPF sensor with identical specifications and a similar spectral response to the LI-CORPPF sensor, but, unfortunately, we were notable to include the Skye PPF sensor in this study, The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of

). Automated irrigation through precision soil moisture sensing has been shown to be an efficient means of regulating irrigation application ( Lea-Cox et al., 2013 ; Majsztrik et al., 2013 ). Although a number of different soil moisture sensors exist

content meter (Hansatech Instruments, Hitchin, UK), the Dualex leafclip sensor (Force-A, Paris, France), and the MC-100 chlorophyll meter (Apogee Instruments, Logan, UT) have been developed following a similar protocol ( Kalaji et al., 2017 ). Optical