water usage increased from 14.7% in 2005 to ≈25% in 2013 of all water used on golf courses ( Gelernter et al., 2015 ). Most recycled water has elevated salt levels ( Harivandi, 2007 ; Marcum, 2006 ). Golf courses that are developed on saline soils or
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Kenneth B. Marcum and Mohammad Pessarakli
( Barnett et al., 2005 ; Pearman et al., 2003 ). Demand on limited potable water resources is resulting in government-mandated water use restrictions, which limit use of potable water while requiring use of reclaimed or other secondary saline water sources
Joseph G. Robins, B. Shaun Bushman, Blair L. Waldron, and Paul G. Johnson
with sufficient salinity tolerance ( Alshammary et al., 2004 ). Additionally, large areas of the world are characterized by soils with high levels of salt. Oldeman et al. (1991) estimated that ≈80 M ha of arable soil is salt-affected worldwide. Thus
Chenping Xu and Beiquan Mou
Salinity of soil and irrigation water is a growing problem for agricultural production in the world. It is estimated that salt-affected soils impact on nearly 10% of the land surface and 50% of irrigated land in the world ( Ruan et al., 2010
Yiming Liu, Hongmei Du, Kai Wang, Bingru Huang, and Zhaolong Wang
Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors limiting plant growth in many areas of the world, which is progressively increasing as a result of the decline in fresh water for irrigation and increasing use of effluents that contain concentrations of
Y.L. Qian, J.M. Fu, S.J. Wilhelm, D. Christensen, and A.J. Koski
salinity problems in many urbanized areas of the western United States ( Carrow and Duncan, 1998 ; Qian and Mecham, 2005 ). Turfgrass managers are struggling to produce quality turf on sites with high salinity and irrigated with marginal-quality water
Manuel Chavarria, Benjamin Wherley, James Thomas, Ambika Chandra, and Paul Raymer
Water quantity and quality are major issues of concern around the world, particularly in arid and semiarid areas where water shortages have resulted from rapid urbanization, agriculture, and/or industry ( Huang et al., 2014 ). Elevated salinity is
Qi Zhang, Sheng Wang, and Kevin Rue
High soil salinity is one of the major limitations to plant growth in the northern Great Plains. A survey showed that high levels of soil sodium and salinity were detected in 1,900,000 and 700,000 acres of land in North Dakota, respectively ( Seelig
James P. Syvertsen, Juan C. Melgar, and Francisco García-Sánchez
There is a wide range of plant growth and physiological responses to excessive salt ion accumulation and osmotic stress from high salinity ( Yeo and Flowers, 1989 ). Due to the complexity of salt tolerance in crops ( Flowers and Flowers, 2005
Maren E. Veatch-Blohm, Douglas Sawch, Nicole Elia, and Dominic Pinciotti
Salinity is a major obstacle for crop production throughout the world. At least one-third of agricultural land is salinized and the amount impacted by salinization is expected to increase ( Carter et al., 2005 ; Cassaniti et al., 2009 ; Munns and