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Plant growth and developmental processes are regulated by light quality (color, wavelength), quantity (fluence rate), and photoperiod (duration of illumination). Together these three parameters strongly influence traits of horticultural interest

Composition of the shoot tissue of lettuce changes with environment. Light intensity or daily light integral affects the concentrations of nitrate, sugars, and other metabolites in various leafy green vegetables, including lettuce and spinach

decrease the quality caused by temperature and light stress. Providing light during storage could extend the storability of seedlings of many horticultural species, even at very low light intensity ( Justus and Kubota, 2010 ; Kubota et al., 2002 ; Park

level for being considered as a replacement to HPS lamps in hydroponics growth environments. LED lamps are anticipated to replace HPS lamps in most applications as a result of their reduced electricity consumption, improved quality of light, and the

(temperature not specified) before cold stratification ( Baskin and Baskin, 2005 ). In some species, cold stratification can replace a light requirement for germination ( Bewley and Black, 1994 ). Recent studies have revealed that cold stratification has a

to high levels of antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity ( Podsędek, 2007 ; Stoewsand, 1995 ). Light, amongst various other environmental factors, is one of the most important variables in influencing phytochemical concentrations within the plant

Light is one of the most important environmental factors that influence plant growth and development. Light energy is captured by higher plants during photosynthesis, whereas light signaling plays primary roles in plant morphogenesis ( Abidi et al

expenses (electricity use as well as replacement lamps). Naturally, advances in lighting technology are of great interest to the CEA community for these very reasons. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the most recent lighting technology to enter the CEA

Production of young plants, such as seedlings and cuttings, under sole-source lighting is an alternative to greenhouse production where the natural daily light integral (DLI) in winter may be too low for the production of high-quality young plants

Protected plant production systems at northern latitudes largely rely on the use of supplemental light to extend the number of light hours during the day and subsequently the light integral ( Markvart et al., 2009 ). However, because the electricity