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related to harvesting late-season ‘Valencia’ oranges, concerns about the effects of mechanical harvesting on tree health, and processor concerns about increases in the quantity of debris mixed with mechanically harvested fruit ( Roka et al., 2009

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In this field study, five preemergence and two postemergence herbicides were evaluated for their ability to hasten Meyer zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) sod development when sod was established from the regrowth of rhizomes, sod strips, and loosened plant debris. Herbicide influence on zoysiagrass re-establishment was examined using two postharvest field preparation procedures as follows: area I was raked to remove most above-ground sod debris, whereas in adjacent area II sod debris was allowed to remain in place. Herbicides that controlled smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] generally enhanced zoysiagrass cover by reducing weed competition. Meyer established from rhizomes, sod strips, and loosened plant debris, and treated with herbicides, had a rate of sod formation equivalent to that expected in conventionally tilled, planted, and irrigated Meyer sod fields. Effective smooth crabgrass control was achieved when the rates of most preemergence herbicides were reduced in the 2nd year. Chemical names used: dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA); 3,5,-pyridinedicarbothioic acid, 2-[difluromethyl]-4-[2-methyl-propyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)∼S,S-dimethyl ester (dithiopyr); [±]-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoate (fenoxaprop); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); N-[1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine(pendimethalin);N3,N3-di-n-propyl-2,4-dinitro-6-[trifluromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine (prodiamine); and 3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac).

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Sanitation, which includes removing plant and growing medium debris, is an important component of any greenhouse or nursery pest management program. However, there is minimal quantitative information on how sanitation practices can reduce pest problems. In this study, conducted from May through Nov. 2005, we evaluated plant and growing medium debris as a source of insect pests from four greenhouses located in central Illinois. Two 32-gal refuse containers were placed in each greenhouse with a 3 × 5-inch yellow sticky card attached to the underside of each refuse container lid. Each week, yellow sticky cards and plastic refuse bags were collected from the containers and insects captured on the yellow sticky cards were identified. Insects captured on the yellow sticky cards were consistent across the four greenhouses with western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.), and whiteflies (Bemisia spp.) the primary insects present each week. Insect numbers, in order of prevalence on the yellow sticky cards, varied across the four locations, which may be related to the type of plant debris discarded. For example, extremely high numbers of adult whiteflies (range = 702 to 1930) were captured on yellow sticky cards in one greenhouse each month from August through November. This was due to the presence of yellow sage (Lantana camera), bee balm (Monarda didyma), garden verbena (Verbena × hybrida), common zinnia (Zinnia elegans), sage (Salvia spp.) and fuchsia (Fuschia spp.) debris that was heavily-infested with the egg, nymph, pupa, and adult stages of whiteflies. High western flower thrips adult numbers in the greenhouses were generally associated with plant types such as marguerite daisy (Dendranthema frutescens) and pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) disposed while in bloom with opened yellow flowers, which contained adult western flower thrips. Based on the results of this study, it is important that greenhouse producers timely remove plant and growing medium debris from greenhouses or place debris into refuse containers with tight-sealing lids to prevent insect pests from escaping.

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that monitor indicator species germination and growth in the presence of leachates, extracts, or debris of potential allelopathic agents are acceptable ways of examining and understanding allelopathic potential ( Inderjit and Keating, 1999 ; Inderjit

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go through another pathogen reduction step (such as composting) to become a Class A material suitable for use in gardens, parks, and greenhouses. Carbon-rich recyclable materials such as woody construction debris, woody storm debris, and horse manure

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reflective coating. Plant debris and soil were not routinely cleared from MRM because of the limited labor availability, thereby diminishing any benefit from the reflective surface. Although the MRM system did not accelerate the assessment of hybrid

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(sawdust, yard-debris compost topped with sawdust, and a porous, black, polyethylene groundcover called weed mat) in two cultivars (Duke and Liberty). Results from this trial showed improved root growth and yield during establishment with planting on raised

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enzymatic removal of extracuticular debris, isolated cuticles were kept at 23 °C in distilled water containing 0.01% sodium azide (NaN 3 ) as an aid in controlling microbial growth ( Lichstein and Soule, 1943 ). To prepare for imaging, isolated cuticles were

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after harvest. Detachment force required to remove fruit; weight of leaf, stem, and fruit debris on the ground after harvest; and harvested yield were measured for the two treatments before harvest. Leaf area index, stem water potential, and water use

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through a 0.95-cm screen. Micronutrient sources included incorporating 10% by volume yard debris compost (2.1N–0.2P–0.5K–1.4Ca–0.3Mg–0.001B–0.004Cu–0.9Fe–0.03Mn–0.01Zn) (Rexius Co., Eugene, Ore.), 0.9 kg·m −3 Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (6Ca–3Mg–12S

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