; Kim et al., 2016a ; Stommel and Griesbach, 2008 ). Fruit pigmentation involves several groups of compounds including lipid-soluble carotenoids and water-soluble phenolics ( Guzman et al., 2011 ; Rodriguez-Amaya, 2019 ). The importance of natural
The presence of carotenoids in fruit, vegetables, and flowers imparts yellow, orange, or red color to them ( Hari et al., 1994 ). Over 600 carotenoids have been identified ( Pfander et al., 1987 ). They can be divided into two groups: 1) the
have motivated plant geneticists to develop yellow-fleshed cultivars with more intense yellow coloring. The pigments in these potatoes are xanthophylls and include the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. These carotenoids are of keen interest in the
., 2006 ). With the popularity of Asian cuisine, bunching onions are being consumed more in Western diets. Carotenoids are lipid soluble pigments integrated into light-harvesting complexes ( Croce et al., 1999a , 1999b ). Carotenoids function as light
carotenoids ( Barickman et al., 2014a ) in fruit tissue. Based upon many studies, it has been suggested that anthocyanin compounds possess anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activity ( He and Giusti, 2010 ). In addition, carotenoids are powerful
recommended. Cellular damage, associated with aging, chronic diseases, and cancers often caused by free radicals, can be prevented with antioxidants ( Ames et al., 1993 ; Valko et al., 2007 ). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments that are synthesized in
Carrots have favorable nutritional characteristics, containing antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, and other bioactive micronutrients ( Metzger and Barnes, 2009 ; Nicolle et al., 2004 ). Carrots are suitable basic material for the production of
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble, secondary plant metabolites in vegetables reported to confer positive health-promoting effects when consumed in the diet ( Kopsell and Kopsell, 2006 ). Two nutritionally important, plant-derived carotenoids are
subset of the extant variation in native Andean cultivars. These colors are primarily red and blue anthocyanins that are present in skin or flesh to varying degrees and yellow to orange carotenoids in the flesh that display a broad variation in content
Glucosinolates and carotenoids are two classes of secondary metabolites in the Brassicaceae that are important in plant metabolism and for the dietary health benefits that they convey. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds present in a