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polymorphic based on visual inspection of aligned sequences. After amplification of 24 diverse accessions followed by separation on agarose gels, 195 were scored as polymorphic. Fluorescent forward primers were ordered for these 195, which were then used to
`Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from five major U.S. production areas were tested after ≈3 months of commercial storage. Soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), Magness-Taylor (MT) firmness, and sonic transmission spectra were compared with ripeness (maturity in trade terminology) scores assigned by six U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA)-licensed apple inspectors according to USDA Grades and Standards inspection procedures. USDA ripeness categories are defined by textural and flavor terms. Inspectors in this test used visual, manual, oral, and auditory sensations to make their judgments, but firmness was the paramount characteristic judged. SSC and TA did not correlate with inspectors' scores, MT, or sonic measurements and thus are not satisfactory indices of ripeness for stored apples. Sonic resonance functions correlated significantly with mean inspectors' scores and with MT firmness. Inspectors' scores correlated slightly better with MT firmness than with sonic terms. MT is destructive and site-specific; in contrast, sonic measurements are nondestructive and representative of the entire fruit.
intervals (corresponding to ≈15 mm of precipitation) as needed based on visual inspection of the moisture of the top soil (<20 cm). Fruit were harvested at maturity and selected for uniformity (based on color and size) and were free of visual defects. All
, and by visual inspection of the chromatogram using Finch TV (Geospiza, Seattle, WA). Phylogenetic analysis. Following alignment of sequences, consensus sequences for each isolate were produced at 678 bp. To understand the associations and similarity of
were removed from treatment solutions at regular time intervals, inspected for macroscopically visible cracks (by the naked eye) and the noncracked fruit returned to the incubation solution. Visual inspection detects cracks that extend into the flesh
, the volume injected into the fruit was read from the syringe. Cracking was assessed by visual inspection. Preliminary experiments established that it was technically impossible to perfuse sweet cherry fruit through the vascular system of the pedicel
end. In addition, transpiration of skins from symptomatic fruit exceeded that from fruit without neck shrivel, regardless of skin region ( Fig. 1C ). These differences were all significant at P ≤ 0.05. Visual inspection and fluorescence microscopy
fruit from 142 individuals was harvested and seeds from each fruit were cleaned and collected by hand. Seed was scored as egusi or normal based on visual inspection and allowed to dry before determining SOP as described previously. Because SOP is a
maximum average floral longevities were 3.3 ± 0.4 and 15.8 ± 2.5 d, respectively. The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated a non-normal distribution of floral longevity data ( P = 0.002). However, visual inspection of the Q-Q plot (reported in Howard, 2011 ) did
into the two groups of dwarf and standard phenotype by visual inspection. Among the progeny, 169 individuals were determined as dwarf and the others as standard (non-dwarf) phenotype. Based on a chi-square test, the segregation of 169 dwarf:183 standard