concept of optical (remote) sensing as a method to improve and automate phytotoxicity assessments of ornamental crops. Assessment of phytotoxicity in ornamental plants is typically based on visual inspection of leaves, shoots, or flowers at different
. Results and Discussion Thorough visual inspection of Cycas revoluta cataphylls before removal of tomentum revealed no apparent presence of CAS ( Fig. 1C ). After removal of tomentum, heavy CAS density was observed on underlying cataphyll surfaces of
polymorphic based on visual inspection of aligned sequences. After amplification of 24 diverse accessions followed by separation on agarose gels, 195 were scored as polymorphic. Fluorescent forward primers were ordered for these 195, which were then used to
Abstract
Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings grown in pots in a greenhouse had 1.8 times as much rubidium in the leaves when larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus L., the West Indian sugarcane rootstalk borer, were feeding on their roots than weevil-free control trees. Manually inflicted damage to the roots simulating weevil damage had a similar effect. Rubidium uptake could be used to detect root damage as a nondestructive substitute for visual inspection of the roots.
`Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from five major U.S. production areas were tested after ≈3 months of commercial storage. Soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), Magness-Taylor (MT) firmness, and sonic transmission spectra were compared with ripeness (maturity in trade terminology) scores assigned by six U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA)-licensed apple inspectors according to USDA Grades and Standards inspection procedures. USDA ripeness categories are defined by textural and flavor terms. Inspectors in this test used visual, manual, oral, and auditory sensations to make their judgments, but firmness was the paramount characteristic judged. SSC and TA did not correlate with inspectors' scores, MT, or sonic measurements and thus are not satisfactory indices of ripeness for stored apples. Sonic resonance functions correlated significantly with mean inspectors' scores and with MT firmness. Inspectors' scores correlated slightly better with MT firmness than with sonic terms. MT is destructive and site-specific; in contrast, sonic measurements are nondestructive and representative of the entire fruit.
Ninety hazelnut (Corylus sp.) genotypes were surveyed for response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] following greenhouse inoculation using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and visual inspection for cankers. Most were cultivars of the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and a few were interspecific hybrids. Six genotypes did not display signs of the pathogen or symptoms of disease: `Closca Molla', `Ratoli', `Yoder #5', `Potomac', `Medium Long', and `Grand Traverse'. `Closca Molla' and `Ratoli', both minor Spanish cultivars, are superior in many respects to `Gasaway', which has been extensively used as a completely resistant parent in breeding. `Potomac' and `Yoder #5' have C. americana Marsh. in their pedigrees, `Grand Traverse' is one-quarter C. colurna, and the origin of `Medium Long' is uncertain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker generated by primer UBC 152, which is linked to the single dominant resistance gene of `Gasaway', is absent in these six genotypes, and thus they appear to be novel sources of genetic resistance to this devastating disease.
A diverse collection of 58 hazelnut accessions, including Corylus avellana L. and interspecific hybrids, were evaluated for their response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller after greenhouse inoculation. Evaluations were made using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and visual inspection. Forty-five of these became infected, 12 remained free of infection, and one gave inconclusive results. The 12 accessions showing complete resistance were European hazelnuts ‘Culpla’ from Spain and CCOR 187 from Finland; C. americana × C. avellana hybrids ‘G081S’, CCOR 506, and Weschcke selections TP1, TP2 and TP3; C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids Chinese Trazels Gellatly #6 and #11; Turkish Trazel Gellatly #3 and backcross hybrid ‘Lisa’; and C. heterophylla var. sutchuensis × C. avellana hybrid ‘Estrella #1’. In a second test, exposure of potted trees under structures topped with diseased wood confirmed the complete resistance of ‘Santiam’, four pollinizers, and ‘Ratoli’. However, a few small cankers were observed on ‘Closca Molla’ from Spain and OSU 729.012, with resistance from C. californica (A.DC.) Rose, in contrast to the results of earlier greenhouse inoculations.
Abstract
Three years of observations were made at Oakville, California, on a vineyard trial of 3 pruning severities on 2 scion grape cultivars, Chardonnay and Gamay Beaujolais, grafted onto 2 phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, ‘St. George’ and ‘A × R #1’. There was a marked increase in crop production with decreased pruning severity. With ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’ there was nearly a 3-fold increase in yield when the pruning went from 5 retained buds/lb. (453.6g) of prunings to 15 buds/lb. With ‘Gamay Beaujolais’, the yield increase approached 2-fold. Vines on ‘A × R #1’ were markedly more fruitful than those on ‘St. George’, and this rootstock difference was not influenced by pruning severity over a 3-year period.
The variability in level of pruning, as estimated from a visual inspection of individual vines, was great. This could account for both low yields and high vine sizes with ‘Chardonnay’. The pruning level used by an experienced pruner was about 8 retained buds/lb. of prunings on average-sized vines of ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’, and about 6 buds on the largest vines.
The most severe pruning was very restrictive on yields per vine, and vine vigor was enhanced at these low bud counts. Fruit maturity was delayed by the least-severe pruning level and, in some instances, vine size was reduced the following year. Under the conditions of the test site, the intermediate level of pruning severity, 10 buds/lb. of prunings, was appropriate for the small-clustered, cane-pruned cultivars at the intermediate vine sizes.
for cellular structure, using the confocal microscope, showed visual differences between crispy and noncrispy genotypes. Drupelet mesocarp cells and cell walls of the crispy selection A-2453 were visually differentiated compared with ‘Natchez’ ( Fig. 1
.2P–11.6K) 1 week before treatments began. Salinity treatments. During 2003, individual plants were watered with treatment solutions as needed by visual inspection and pot weight. Starting in 2004, a 12-cm-long soil moisture probe (HydroSense