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overall beneficial effect on soil structure and related properties, this discussion is limited to direct effects on the N nutrition of an organic vegetable crop. This review discusses the N sources and the factors affecting N fertility management for
the economic value of these crops and relatively low water-holding capacity of the sandy soils. These crops include 748,360 acres of tree fruit crops [mostly citrus ( Citrus spp.)], 120,306 acres of vegetables [including 37,782 acres of tomato
+ ) forms are insoluble. Immobility of Fe at high soil pH (7.4–8.5) may be the main factor responsible for Fe and other micronutrient deficiency in vegetable crops ( Fisher et al., 2003 ; Schulte, 2004 ). As pH increases, Fe solubility decreases. At high pH
cropping systems [e.g., dry land bean ( Phaseolus spp.), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), and potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) in Latin America; winter melon ( Cucumis melo ) in Mediterranean regions], in field-grown vegetable crops irrigation is essential to
for vegetable farmers, and for the environment where these high-input and tillage-intensive crops are grown. For example, Buzby et al. (2006) estimated that the land devoted to dark-green vegetables alone would need to increase from 291,000 to 799
The revision of the Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production was made possible by USDA project 97-EPMP-1-0127 funded by the Northeast IPM Grants Program.
Many vegetable growers prefer to stagger harvest over the growing season. In the northeastern United States, however, the growing season is too short to follow early-harvested cool-season crops with a second vegetable crop, but long enough that
three cool-season vegetable crops per year, with lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) being the dominant crop in both value and acreage ( Monterey County Agricultural Commission, 2012 ). Vegetable production fields often receive N fertilizer applications in excess
The research reviewed here represents the majority of the information available on transplant age to date. When the results of these studies are distilled down to the “ideal” transplant age for setting of a specific crop, we generally arrive at the recommendations found in the 1962 edition of Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers. The conflicting results in the literature on transplant age may be due to the different environmental and cultural conditions that the plants were exposed to, both in the greenhouse and in the field. The studies did reveal that the transplant age window for certain crops might be wider than previously thought. Older transplants generally result in earlier yields while younger transplants will produce comparable yields, but take longer to do so. Our modern cultivars, improved production systems, and technical expertise enable us to produce high yields regardless of transplant age. The data, in general, support the view that if a vegetable grower requires resets after an catastrophic establishment failure (freeze, flood, etc.), they need not fear the older plants usually on hand at the transplant production facility.
strategies to improve irrigation efficiency in vegetable crop production. We refer to recently published literature for in-depth analyses on the physiology and molecular biology of WUE ( Hsiao et al., 2007 ; Yoo et al., 2009 ). Efficiency in the context of