exam viewed plants, their positive feelings increased, while fear and anger decreased ( Ulrich, 1979 ). Even brief visual contact with plants, such as urban tree plantings or office parks, might be valuable in restoration from mild daily stress. Views
It is estimated that 90% of trees that are established in the urban environment in the northeastern United States are produced in the nursery as a field-grown plant where they are dug, wrapped in burlap, and transported to the new planting site as a
Trees are an important component of urban landscapes and mitigate temperature and local microclimate effects, improve air quality by removing pollutants, store carbon and reduce carbon dioxide emission, and lower energy use for heating and cooling
water needs of their choice. Knowledge of the water needs of landscape types can be a major strategy in urban water conservation ( Hurd et al., 2006 ). Traditionally, a landscape water budget has been defined as the amount of water required to maintain
identify and correct these defects before a failure. In an urban environment, trees require more care than those in natural settings due to the presence of targets, or the people and property that can be harmed by tree failure ( Matheny and Clark, 1994
traffic in urban areas ( Pénard-Morand et al., 2010 ). Trees remove airborne dust and chemical matter, or particulate matter from the air, where it is stored on leaves, twigs, and trunks ( Beckett et al., 1998 ). Particulary, leaf magnetization studies
. According to their own assessment, the participants in rural surroundings (Paltamo, Kainuu, in the middle part of Finland) knew trees by name better than their urban associates in Helsinki. The result was confirmed in statistical analysis and in the drawings
of both biodiversity and genetic diversity in landscape plantings, especially in urban areas, where the homogenization of plants worldwide has been noted ( Wittig and Becker, 2010 ). The mass devastation to ash trees in North America because of
eastern hemlock Prog. Phys. Geogr. 37 1 114 129 Hoover, B.K. Bates, R.M. Sellmer, J.C. Hoover, G.A. 2009 Challenging chinese hemlock ( Tsuga chinensis ) with hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae ) ovisacs Arboricult. Urban For. 35 1 1 4 i-Tree n.d. i-Tree
knowledge of the water management practices used in each territorial and socioeconomic context. In the northwestern Mediterranean region, expanding urban areas significantly affect water demand ( Domene and Saurí, 2006 ). Social preferences toward single