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evaluate propargyl bromide against a diversity of soil-borne pests, 2) to determine propargyl bromide efficacy in three different geographical environments, and 3) to compare propargyl bromide with MBC, iodomethane, and metam sodium. Materials and
Pistachios are the single most-successful plant introduction to the United States in the 20th century. Part of this success is due to the alternative production practices that have made this crop more economical to grow. Controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) can produce 25% savings in irrigation water with no adverse effects. Reclaimed drainage water can be used for in-season irrigation up to 6 dS/m. Nitrogen applications can be adjusted for crop load and alternate bearing. Foliar sprays of boron, copper, and zinc can replace heavy ground applications to alleviated these micronutrient deficiencies. Some early season insect damage can be tolerated due to the tree's ability to compensate for the damage by filling a higher percentage of the remaining nuts, Maintaining a clean orchard floor can limit some insect pests. Mechanical pruning has been demonstrated to be cheaper and cause no loss in yield. Foliar fungal diseases can be partially controlled by limiting trajectory angle, frequency, and duration of irrigation or by using buried drip irrigation systems. Soil-borne fungal diseases and nematode damage are controlled by using resistant rootstocks.
Abstract
Although roses have been propagated by grafting for more than a century, there has been relatively no concerted breeding effort to develop rootstocks (understocks) as has been done for rosaceous fruit crops. Selection of cultivars, both asexually and sexually propagated, that have been used for propagating roses has come about so far more by fortuitious circumstance than by design. A survey (1) of rootstocks used in rose propagation indicated that the largest number were derivatives of either the Caninae or the Synstylae tribes, with the Caninae being more prevalent in Europe and the Synstylae in the U.S. Also, the survey delineated those qualities desired as well as those in which the commonly-used rose root-stocks were deficient. Characteristics found lacking were root flexibility, a trait of importance to to all nurserymen packaging rose plants either for sale or shipment, tolerance to low soil temp, and resistance or tolerance to soil-borne pests such as nematodes.
Katan, J. 1981 Solar heating (solarization) of soil for control of soilborne pests Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 19 211 236 Katan, J. Greenberger, A. Alon, H. Grinstein, A. 1976 Solar heating by polyethylene mulching for the control of diseases caused by soil-borne
volatile or semi-volatile state to control soil-borne pests; therefore, the dispersal rate and the ability of a fumigant to move in soil at high concentrations will determine the effectiveness of the fumigant ( Nelson et al., 2013 ). In California, MeBr
microbes. There is also a decrease in plant stress resistance and an exacerbation of soilborne diseases and pests ( Nguyen and Ranamukhaarachchi, 2010 ). The primary causes leading to soil sickness include the deterioration of soil physicochemical
have also shown promising results in the ability of ASD to control pests when combined with soil solarization (covering moist soil with transparent polyethylene to increase soil temperatures to control certain pathogens and weeds). Liquid molasses (1
. Wang, Q. Guo, M. Cao, A. 2018 Evaluation of allyl isothiocyanate as a soil fumigant against soil-borne diseases in commercial tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production in China Pest Manag. Sci. 74 2146 2155 Samtani, J.B. Ajwa, H.A. Weber, J
and formulation of slug-parasitic nematodes; application of slug-parasitic nematodes; potential of predatory nematodes to control plant-parasitic nematodes; potential of fungal-feeding nematodes for the control of soil-borne plant pathogens; and
Though little published data have been collected, it is commonly accepted that damage caused by soil-borne pathogens, such as FON and plant parasitic nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.), has increased since the phase-out of methyl bromide. The ban on