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. and Clematis maritima L., primary phloem fiber and collenchyma are displaced outward by plant development, which led to disrupting the mechanical integrity, but not in semiself-supporting Clematis recta L. ( Rowe et al., 2004 ). Modulus of
Uniconazole was applied as a foliar spray at 0, 90, 130, 170, or 210 ppm to rooted stem cuttings of `Spectabilis' forsythia (Forsythia xintermedia Zab.) potted in calcined clay. Uniconazole resulted in higher total leaf chlorophyll (chlorophyll + chlorophyll,) concentration and a decreased ratio of chlorophyll a: b. Stomata1 density of the most recently matured leaves increased linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration 40, 60, and 100 days after treatment (DAT). The number of stomata per leaf (stomata1 index) increased linearly with increasing concentration of uniconazole throughout the initial 100 DAT. Uniconazole suppressed stomata1 length at all sampling dates and the level of suppression increased with increasing concentration of uniconazole from 20 to 100 DAT. Stomata1 width was suppressed by uniconazole at 40 DAT. Leaves developed after uniconazole application had higher levels of net photosynthesis when measured 55, 77, and 365 DAT. Stomata1 conductance for uniconazole-treated plants was higher compared to nontreated control (0 mg·liter-1) plants when measured 49, 55, 77, and 365 DAT. Initiation of secondary xylem for stem tissues of uniconazole-treated plants was suppressed and expansion of xylem vessel length and width was less. Secondary phloem tissues of stems from uniconazole-treated plants contained larger numbers of phloem fibers having smaller cross sectional areas than phloem fibers of controls. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-01 (uniconazole).
Graft compatibility was investigated for 15 Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) cultivars, nine American chestnut [C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.] selections, six Japanese chestnut (C. crenata Sieb.) cultivars, and two putative Japanese hybrids on two known rootstocks of Chinese chestnut. Intraspecific grafting of Chinese chestnut resulted in 80% success after two growing seasons. An unusual anatomical structure of the chestnut stem had a significant effect on graft success. The phloem fiber bundles related to graft failure are described in the study. Interspecific grafts of seven American and five Japanese chestnut selections resulted in ≥70% success. The putative Japanese hybrids had a significantly lower success rate (<50%) regardless of rootstocks. A marked graft incompatibility was found in one Japanese/Chinese and two American/Chinese combinations. Graft incompatibility related to morphological abnormalities at the graft union was also observed in interspecific grafts. Comparisons of cambial isoperoxidase isozymes between successful and unsuccessful grafts did not support the hypothesis that peroxidase isozymes are indicators of rootstock-scion compatibility. The results suggest that genetic incompatibility is not a major cause of graft failure in Chinese chestnut.
fiber; Pi = pith; R = ruga; SF = soft phloem; X = xylem vessels. The collapsed mesocarp was responsible for the softness and flaccidity of the berries. There was no visible injury to the peduncle or rachis or to the pedicels; however, parts of the
xylem and phloem also exhibited a strong IAA signal. Similarly, IAA was also mainly localized in the cytoplasm of fibers, with very little detected in the vacuoles and fiber walls ( Fig. 2B and C ). In parenchymal cells, the IAA signal was mainly located
equivalent circle diameter of vessel lumen. For the fiber morphology determination, the phloem and cortex were peeled off and the remaining wood was macerated in a boiling solution containing hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (1:1) according to the procedure
Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) 2 was applied as 3 weekly foliar sprays at concentrations of 0, 1000, and 2000 ppm to ‘Sovereign’, an Fj cultivar of Tagetes erecta L., grown in a complete nutrient supply under long and short day photoperiods. Plants were sampled for anatomical study one week later. Treated plants grown under long days had thicker leaves and a larger root diameter. In short days, the capitula of treated plants were one-half the size of the untreated ones. The amount of phloem fibers in treated plants was less and cortical and pith cells were shorter in both photoperiods. Alar affected cell wall formation and the phloem fibers in the stems were thinner walled and less sclerified.
consisting of fibers that provide structural support, and a soft phloem band consisted of sieve tubes ( Fig. 6B ), which perform the actual transport of the phloem sap. The hard phloem band was narrow and dense, whereas the soft phloem band was wider with
of cutin and associated waxes ( Esau, 1977 ). Collenchyma cells and phloem elements have thickened primary cell walls that provide tensile strength to surrounding tissues. Xylem and sclerenchyma cells such as fibers and sclereids have thick and
possible remobilization of sugars via phloem sucrose transportation ( Ruan et al., 2010 ) between the perennial vine parts (the roots and trunk) and the ripening berries, thereby contributing to berry sugar accumulation ( Candolfi-Vasconcelos et al., 1994