seedlings ranged from 6% to 93%. For intraspecific grafts of Chinese chestnut, few unions were formed and 6% to 10% of the trees survived after 6 months when side veneer graft cuts were made through phloem fibers in rootstock stems. Because grafting success
The effects of growth-retarding chemicals on stem anatomy were compared on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind. `Annette Hegg Dark Red'). Micrographic examinations revealed that secondary walls of nonsclerotic phloem fiber cells were either completely or greatly reduced by retardant treatment. Wall thickening of phloem fiber cells was eliminated by paclobutrazol foliar sprays at 25 mg·liter-1. Fiber cell development was reduced, but not eliminated, by sprays of chlormequat and ancymidol at standard rates, while the triazole uniconazole at 10 mg·liter-1 permitted only limited fiber wall thickening. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)-trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat); α -cyclopropylα- (4-methoxyphenyl) -5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol); (E)-(p -chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole): and (R*,R*)- β -[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- α -(1,1-dimethylethyl)- 1 H-1,2,4,triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
limitations given the tightly knitted cellulose/hemicellulose fiber structure ( Cosgrove and Jarvis, 2012 ). Studies using a variety of techniques have estimated the pore size of cell walls to be generally ≤10 nm ( Albersheim et al., 2010 ; Carpita et al
Grapevine yellows is a destructive, worldwide disease of grapevines that is caused by a phytoplasma, a bacterium-like organism that infects and disrupts the vascular system of shoots. The North American form of grapevine yellows (NAGY) has been observed in New York State since the mid-1970s and in Virginia since the mid-1990s. Symptoms duplicate those of vines suffering from an Australian disease complex known as Australian grapevine yellows (AGY). We sought to determine if infected `Chardonnay' vines have common anatomical characteristics across the three regions. At each geographic site in late summer, 2003–04, leaf and internode samples were taken from younger green regions of shoots and from mature basal regions in the fruiting zone. These were processed for histology. The anatomy of each organ type was compared between locations on the shoot, between geographic locations, and between affected and normal shoots. The phloem was the only tissue universally affected in vines with NAGY or AGY symptoms. In stem internodes, both primary phloem and secondary phloem showed many senescent cells, abnormally proliferated giant cells, and hyperplasia. In affected secondary phloem there was disruption of the radial files of cells that normally differentiate from the cambium into mature phloem cell types. Normal bands of secondary phloem fibers (“hard phloem”) in internodes were weak or absent in affected vines. Leaves also had disrupted phloem organization but near-normal xylem organization in vines with symptoms. Leaves of infected vines frequently showed a disruption of sugar transport out of the leaf blades, manifested by a heavy buildup of starch in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells.
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), native to east Africa, is an annual herbaceous member of Malvaceae cultivated primarily for its bast fibers. One of many potential uses of kenaf is that of a growth medium component. Kenaf stems (xylem plus phloem) were ground and sieved to 2 to 5 mm diameter particles. The particles were combined at various volumetric percentages with other components (perlite, vermiculite, calcined clay) in 70% Sphagnum pest moss which received standard preplant fertilization. To avoid growth suppression, the kenaf must be enriched with nitrogen (soaked in NH4NO3 solution for 5 days). Impatiens and tomato bedding plant shoot growth was proportional to both the N concentration of the soak solution and the percentage of N-soaked kenaf in the medium. The N soak solution should be £ 2000 mg N/liter with 30% kenaf or £ 4000 mg N/liter with 10% kenaf. Physical properties (bulk density, total porosity, air porosity and container capacity) of kenaf media were similar to those of a commercial peat-lite. The optimal medium for bedding plant production was 70% pest + 15% calcined clay + 15% kenaf soaked in 2000 mg N/liter. The N-soaked kenaf served successfully both as a medium bulking component and as a slow-release N supply.
ImageJ (< http://imagej.nih.gov/ij >). Results The general anatomy of phloem tissue in healthy citrus trees consists of a ring of compact cells delimited by the distinctively larger xylem vessels to the interior and by thick-walled fibers along the
vascular tissue consists of secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and secondary xylem. Secondary phloem contains a sieve tube, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem ray, and bast fiber. Secondary xylem is the major visible plant tissue in the stem and it
protein migrating from the rootstock. Ruiz-Medrano et al. (1999) , Xoconostle-Cázares et al. (1999) , and Kudo and Harada (2007) showed that mRNA and Golecki et al. (1998) and Gómez et al. (2005) demonstrated that phloem proteins from the rootstock
was added to 300 mg of the sample, was placed in 30 °C water, and was bathed for 3 h. The samples were diluted to 4% sulfuric acid with about 127.5 mL water and autoclaved at 121 °C for 1 h. The precipitates were collected with a glass fiber filter
significant source of soluble fiber, carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamins ( Anderson and Bridges, 1988 ; Bureau and Bushway, 1986 ; Favell, 1998 ; Granado et al., 1992 ; Hertog et al., 1992 ; Judith and Vollendorf, 1993 ; U.S. Department of Agriculture