resources ( Franco et al., 2001 ; Zhang and Dai, 2010 ). The methods for analysis of genetic diversity in plants were well developed in the last decades, commonly based on the morphological characteristics, seed proteins, isozymes, and DNA markers ( Gepts
; Martens and Fretz, 1980 ; Mert, 2009 ; Mert and Soylu, 2007 ; Westwood and Challice, 1978 ). Although there have been some descriptions of pollen morphology in Juglandaceae ( Stone et al., 1964 ; Ueno, 1975 ; Whitehead, 1963 ), studies of walnut are
considered the importance of pollen development and morphology in clarifying the classification and identity of many plant species, e.g., peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], nectarine [ Prunus persica var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.], sweet cherry [ Prunus
Moser (1983) found root regeneration could be enhanced by soaking the roots of seedlings of L. tulipifera in solutions of IBA before transplanting. Little information exists on the morphology of seedlings of Carya spp., other than C. illinoinensis
The interspecific and intergeneric relationships of eight species of Juglans (walnuts) and three other members of Juglandaceae were investigated. The following species were included: the American J. australis Griseb., J. neotropica Diels., J. olanchana Standl. et L.O. Williams, J. nigra L., and Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch.; two Juglans from South China, namely, J. sigillata Dode and an unidentified J. sp; an Engelhardia also from China and the Asian J. ailantifolia Carr., Pterocarya stenoptera var. tonkinensis Franchet and the Eurasian J. regia L. Cladistic analysis of 27 multistate morphological characters showed that the juvenile J. ailantifolia possessed similar physical traits to that of the juvenile American Juglans species. The chloroplast DNA in the trnL-trnF region indicated a close relationship between Juglans species. Pterocarya put the root of the cpDNA network among the American species. RAPD analysis was performed using eight primers. A total of 138 fragments were generated but only 78 clearly defined bands were used in the analysis. All the DNA data grouped the tropical/subtropical American Juglans with J. nigra, and the two new Asian species with J. ailantifolia and J. regia. The American species were closely related, more so than their Asian counter parts. The closeness of the investigated species predicts interspecific graft compatibility not only within the Asian and American groups, but also between them.
stress reduces photosynthetic capacity and then inhibits plant productivity ( Allen et al., 2010 ). Plant roots respond to environmental stresses by undergoing plastic morphological and physiological alteration ( Doussan et al., 1999 ). Leaf transpiration
properties of smoke-water in vitro and in vivo for efficacy against damping-off caused by a soilborne Pythium sp. isolated from papaya; and 2) to investigate the effect of smoke-water on the morphology of Pythium sp. using SEM observation. Materials and
weak morphological differences among species in the genus ( La Duke and Northington, 1978 ). Tate (2002) suggested the possible importance of geographical isolation for speciation. Analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS
's receptive period, is linked to ovule maturity and longevity and pollen receptivity at the stigmatic surface ( Buzzard and Schwabe, 1995 ). This study focuses on stigmatic morphology and on the influence of the fruit loads on the morphological traits of the
. rubrum in China is still in its primary stage, and accessions have not been adequately characterized for morphological traits. The extent of phenotypic diversity among L. chinense var. rubrum accessions throughout the world is not known. Evaluation