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to the implementation of technology by early adopters. In the agricultural sector, it can take as long as 15 years before full adoption by stakeholders occurs ( Alston et al., 1995 ). In the realm of automation and precision agriculture, many
, and combustion engine mowers. Battery mowers are more innovative but not widespread, probably for higher cost and for the limited surface generally mowed (up to 500 to 1000 m 2 ). Autonomous mowers are battery-powered machines (no need of electric cord
. Seedling growth is tracked with destructive measures, machine vision systems ( Conrad, 2004 ; Giacomelli et al., 1996 ), and plant image analysis ( Bumgarner et al., 2012 ). Image analysis may complement or reduce the need for destructive sampling if data
-based applicator of foliar sprays to rows of small plants and validated it on tomato and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ). They developed a machine vision guided spray boom system with servo control for nozzle angle and spray pattern width to spray pesticide and found
the vulnerable scion from coming into direct contact and exposure with the soil, especially when the grafted plants are transplanted by machines in large-scale open-field production. For tomato, while grafting above the rootstock cotyledons could be a