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A bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy `Tifgreen'] lawn in the transition zone (about lat. 35°N) was treated in late March for 3 years with a high and a low level each of benefin, bensulide, DCPA, oxadiazon, and siduron. Objectives were to determine if relationships exist between field environment and dates of preemergence herbicide applications for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) control, the spring root decline (SRD) phenomenon, and herbicide phytotoxicity to the bermudagrass. Herbicide treatments in late March generally controlled large crabgrass, reduced total weed competition, and appeared to aid bermudagrass spring growth following winter dormancy. Herbicide injury to `Tifgreen' bermudagrass roots during SRD does occur under practical field conditions and was more severe when bermudagrass spring green-up occurred closer to the herbicide treatment date, as in 1982. Bermudagrass stand density was significantly reduced with the high level of siduron in 1980 and 1981, and with both levels of oxadiazon and siduron in 1982. Bensulide and oxadiazon, at both levels, gave 92% to 100% crabgrass control during all three treatment years. The high levels of benefin and DCPA in 1980, both levels of benefin and the high level of DCPA in 1981, and both levels of DCPA and the high level of benefin in 1982 gave crabgrass control in excess of 95%. Chemical names used: N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenamine (benefin), O,O-bis(1-methylethyl)-S-[2-[(phenylsulfony l)-amino]ethyl] phosphorodithioate (bensulide), dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetra-chloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA), 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2 -(3H)-one (oxadiazon), N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-N'-phenylurea (siduron).
Abstract
Various insecticides and their application schedules were tested for control of lawn caterpillars on ‘Sunturf’ bermudagrass (Cynodon magennisii Hurcombe) in Hawaii. Chlorpyrifos was the outstanding material tested. Evidence was obtained to show that, if insecticide applications are timed to coincide with insect population peaks, the number of applications for adequate control can be greatly reduced.
domestication to be cultivated as a new crop. Dandelion ( Taraxacum sp.) seeds typically germinate and establish in a humid microenvironment protected from direct sunlight, usually in the thatch layer of lawns and pastures ( Martinkova et al., 2014 ). The
In the United States, zoysiagrass refers to two perennial species from the genus Zoysia ( Z. japonica and Z. matrella ) that are used as a warm-season turfgrass for lawns, parks, and golfing surfaces (tees, fairways, roughs, bunker faces) in the
Effects of deficit irrigation applied to home lawns, used as means of water conservation, are an important issue. However, the impact of deficit irrigation on sucrose metabolism in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is unknown and important because sucrose is the dominant form of carbohydrate transported to developing plant organs. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on leaf water content, osmotic potential (ψS), sucrose level, and the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14), sucrose synthase (SS; EC 2.4.1.13), and acid invertase (AI; EC 3.2.1.26) in tall fescue leaves. Sods of ‘Falcon II’ tall fescue were established in polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 40 cm long) filled with a mixture of sand and fritted clay [9:1 (v:v)] and then placed in growth chambers. Reference evapotranspiration rate [ETo (millimeters of water per day)] was determined by weighing the PVC tubes containing well-watered turfgrass every 3 days to determine water loss on a daily basis as ETo. Deficit irrigation treatments were applied as follows: well-watered control, mild drought stress (60% ETo), and severe drought stress (20% ETo). Leaf water content was lower at 6, 12, and 20 days of treatment for the 20% ETo treatment and 20 days after treatment began for the 60% ETo treatment. Compared with the well-watered control, ψS was lower in the 60% ETo treatment on all three measurement dates. Sucrose was higher at 8 and 14 days after treatment began in the 60% ETo treatment and on all three measurement dates in the 20% ETo treatment relative to the well-watered control. No difference in sucrose level was observed between the 20% ETo and 60% ETo irrigation regimes at 8 and 14 days of treatment. Beginning 14 days after treatment, tall fescue had a higher level of SPS in the 60% ETo and 20% ETo treatments compared with the well-watered treatment. Tall fescue receiving 60% or 20% ETo had a lower level of AI activity on all measurement dates. Results suggest that the decrease in ψS was accompanied by higher sucrose levels, which were the result of the increased level of SPS and SS activity and a decline in AI activity.
acetic acid (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ). The root tips were then enzymatically digested to prepare chromosome spreads as described elsewhere ( Jewell and Islam-Faridi 1994 ), except that the enzyme solution was modified as follows: 40% (vol
has considerable potential in the home lawn market ( Trenholm and Unruh, 2002 ). Seashore paspalum can tolerate soil salinity levels as high as 54 dS·m –1 ( Brosnan and Deputy, 2008 ) and soil water pH ranging from 3.6 to 10.2 ( Duncan, 1994 ). This
Bermudagrass is a warm-season grass used as turf for home lawns, public parks, golf courses, sports fields, and for forage and soil conservation ( Zhang et al., 1999 ). Common bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (2n = 4x = 36)] was first introduced
Turfgrasses are important groundcover plants, widely used on golf courses, sports fields, and home lawns. Turfgrasses are used for aesthetic and functional reasons, including athletic surfaces, erosion control, and infiltration of rainwater ( Beard
to freezing stress Crop Sci. 46 2598 2605 Zhou, S. 1996 The lawn and the human environment. 1st Ed. Sichuan Sci. Technol. Press, Chengdu, China Zhu, J. Dong, C. Zhu, J. 2007 Interplay between cold-responsive gene regulation, metabolism and RNA