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field winterhardiness of garden roses ( Rosa × hybrida ). Experimental design and growing conditions. The plants were propagated from cuttings in early-Winter 2016 using foam strips designed for vegetative propagation of cuttings (Oasis strips
(Wageningen, The Netherlands) for providing unpublished microsatellite loci primer sequences, Ben Vosman for the critical review of the manuscript, and Elena Costa for the help in morphological identification of rose accessions. We very much appreciated the
. Hill Memorial Foundation, and by the generous donation of roses from Dillon Floral Corporation, Bloomsburg, Pa. Rose plants and other materials were donated by the Conard-Pyle Co., Bear Creek Gardens, DeVore Nurseries, Inc., and Grace Sierra. The cost
.; Peter Harris, Ada, Okla.; Virginia Hopper, Heritage Rose Gardens, Branscomb, Calif.; Gene Hunter, Opelika, Ala.; Ruth Knopf, Sullivan's Island, S.C.; Gregg Lowery, Vintage Gardens, Sebastopol, Calif.; Malcolm Manners, Lakeland, Fla.; PatMarshburn, Orton
Roses ( Rosa sp.) have been one of the most popular floral decorations for the past 5000 years and are commercially used as garden plants, cut flowers, and for food/medicinal/fragrance industrial use ( Gudin, 2000 ; Shepherd, 1954 ; Zlesak, 2006
`Rose Grenadine' and `Buckaroo' garden chrysanthemums [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] were produced in 15-cm pots in the greenhouse and fertilized with either 550 or 1000 ml of a 15 mol·m-3 N solution at each irrigation. The nutrient solution applied to half the pots contained a wetting agent (WA), and the remaining pots received no WA. Core samples were removed at 15-cm increments to a depth of 90 cm from the soil beneath the pots. The average leaching fraction (LF) from pots receiving a WA was 0.29 but was 0.26 from pots receiving no WA. However, WA did not affect the leachate NO3-N concentration or the total NO3-N deposited on the soil beneath; these were most influenced by LF. After week 2, NO3-N concentration in the upper 15 cm soil layer was 3.4 times higher with a high LF than with a low LF (30 and 8.8 g·m-3 respectively). At week 10, the NO3-N concentration in the 30 to 45 cm soil layer averaged 71.9 g·m-3 under the high LF and 35.5 g·m-3 under the low LF. Total N and NO3-N in the potting medium was higher in the low LF pots than the high LF pots, while NO3-N was higher in the medium of pots irrigated without WA than with WA. Final plant shoot mass was higher in pots irrigated to a high LF or without WA than in pots irrigated to a low LF or with WA.
, and R. sempervirens are most frequent ( Martincic et al., 1999 ). Numerous rose cultivars are widely planted in gardens and parks for their aesthetic value and native plants are harvested for their fruit and flowers. Medicinal benefits of the genus
University, Hoshiarpur, Punjab (denoted as “H”), and Yadvendra Garden, Department of Horticulture, Pinjore, Haryana (denoted as “P”). The details of the cultivars are reported in Table 1 . DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted from 100 mg of apical young
Belle and Red Red Rose, which belong to the HG. There is some research on the karyotype of peony and tree peony species or cultivars. When the arm ratio is between 0.1 and 0.5, using the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one, the karyotype
Peonies, family Paeoniaceae, were first recognized as a medicinal plant in Asia several thousand years ago ( Hsu et al., 1986 ). In the late 1700s, peonies were imported from Asia and Europe into North America for use as a garden flower ( Harding