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. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.27.779 . Cai X , Starman T , Niu G , Hall C , Lombardini L . 2012 . Response of selected garden roses to drought stress . HortScience . 47 ( 8 ): 1050 – 1055 . https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47
Roses are among the most popular garden ornamentals in temperate and subtropical zones, but they have a reputation of being very difficult to grow ( Manners, 1999 ). Roses have long been an important landscape plant and there is growing interest in
Europe and China. Gardeners grew them to meet practical needs such as for oils and medicine ( Widrlecher, 1981 ), but the rose flower also is considered so beautiful that it has been regularly mentioned in poetry, religion, and represented in art and
, public parks, commercial spaces, and residential areas. Garden roses provide aesthetic value throughout the growing season due to both their vegetative and floral production. Plant architecture of roses is linked to flower yield and ornamental value
are classified into two major groups: old garden (OGR), defined as horticultural classes and cultivars present before 1867; and modern roses (MR) which are the horticultural classes and cultivars developed after 1867. Numerous cultivars of OGR perform
methodology. Materials and methods Plant materials . We selected 60 rose cultivars for field evaluation based on recommendations by horticulturists, producers, public garden professionals, and American Rose Society members in the south central United States
layer of shredded hardwood mulch. Roses were maintained in accordance with standard growing practices ( Lerner et al., 2003 ). It was unnecessary to apply fungicides to newly planted roses. 3.5 g of Garden Mate 10N–8.8P–8.3K fertilizer (Greenview Lebanon
Confederate rose, also known as cottonmallow or dixie rosemallow, is an old-fashioned plant that was once commonly grown throughout the southern United States, although the species is native to southeastern China ( Flora of China Editorial Committee
not compromised. Garden roses are not usually planted into commercial settings and, therefore, are not required by the state of California to meet these regulations. However, other states and countries accept the California certification program as