Bifenthrin and fipronil are important pesticides used in the nursery industry for the control of imported fire ants. Our research measured the influence of irrigation frequency and time on the degradation of bifenthrin and fipronil in pine bark nursery medium. Pine bark media leachates were collected over a 180-d period. Levels of bifenthrin, fipronil, and metabolites of fipronil (MB 46513, MB 45950, MB 46136) were measured using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometery. Bifenthrin leachate concentrations decreased from 60 ppb on day 1 to ≈1 ppb after 120 d. Fipronil leachate concentrations decreased from 40 ppb on day one to a low of 15 ppb after 120 d. In contrast, metabolites MB 45950 and MB 46136 gradually increased over the 180-d period. Metabolite MB 46513 was not detected during the experiment. Pine bark medium leachate concentrations of bifenthrin and fipronil were greater than previously reported levels in pure water. We theorize that organic compounds present in pine bark may have increased the solubility of these chemicals.
Research focused on alternative methods to control Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), encompassing chemicals from varying classes, parasitic nematodes, microbial insecticides, and physical/mechanical deterrents. Chemical spray applications were applied weekly for 4 to 6 weeks. Experiment 1 made comparisons between fenoxycarb (Precision), bifenthrin (Talstar), and entomopathogenic nematodes (Biosafe). Experiment 2 compared abamectin (Avid), spinosyn A and D (Spinosad), azadirachtin (neem extract: Margosan-O), and diatomaceous earth (a physical control aimed at deterring pupation). Experiment 3 compared Spinosad, fipronil, and two microbial insecticides (Naturalis-O and Mycotrol). The number of thrips counted in flowers after treatments had been applied indicated that the strict chemical treatments (Avid, Spinosad, fipronil) provided quick knockdown and overall longer-term population control. Microbial insecticides, diatomaceous earth, and nematodes maintained populations at a lower level than the control, but were not as effective as strict chemical controls. Margosan-O, Precision, and Talstar controlled populations at medium levels. For periods when populations may cycle upward, more potent chemicals could be used (Spinosad, fipronil, and Avid) while still avoiding problems associated with more toxic chemicals.
(Thiram 42 S; Bayer AG) 188 mg/100 g seed, fipronil (Mundial; BASF, Florham Park, NJ) 2.5 g/100 g seed, and the binding agent DISCO (Incotec, Salinas, CA) at a 1:1 ratio with control agents. This mixture was applied at 150 μL per 250 seeds, and then seeds
occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance Austral. J. Entomol. 44 299 303 Holmes, L.A. Vanlaerhoven, S.L. Tomberlin, J.K. 2013 Substrate effects on pupation and adult emergence of Hermetia illucens (Diptera
-phenyl-3-methoxyacrylate] fungicide was applied in Mar. 2007 at 9.8 g·m −2 for brown patch ( Rhizoctonia solani ) control to all treatments containing turfgrass. Fipronil {5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(1R
, C. Liess, M. McField, M. Morrissey, C.A. Noome, D.A. Settele, J. Simon-Delso, N. Stark, J.D. Van der Sluijs, J.P. Van Dyck, H. Wiemers, M. 2015 Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 1 637 646
, and crop systems in concentrations above the target pests’ LC 50 ( Goulson 2013 ). Among 10 pesticides detected in 100 nectar samples taken from several agricultural settings in Pakistan, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and fipronil were the most abundant