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positive results. Pistillate flower induction and eventual differentiation appears to be influenced both locally (shoot or branch) and at the whole tree level. For instance, fruit removal on an individual shoot positively impacts return bloom of the same
GA 3 in Israel ( Blumenfeld, 1981 ). In addition, there is concern that GA 3 application may reduce return bloom. A decrease in flower initiation in response to GAs has been reported for various fruit species ( Bangerth, 2006 ; Goldschmidt et al
of juice was used for the measurement. Return bloom To investigate the effects of the PGRs on return bloom or the on- and off-year fruiting, the flower bud formation and flower development were investigated after PGRs application in sweet
load can reduce size, color appearance, lower flesh firmness, lower sugars, and acidity of fruits ( Embree et al., 2007 ; Hampson and Kemp, 2003 ) in addition to return bloom the following year. Crop load can also affect the photosynthesis in apple
-Ca results from one cultivar to another. In the United States, P-Ca (trade-name Apogee ® ; BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC) was initially labeled for use with pear, but substantial reductions in return bloom of ‘Bosc’ ( Sugar et al., 2004 ) and reduced
). There have been many reports on the effectiveness, timing, and rate of ProCa on growth control, fruit set, and return bloom ( Byers and Yoder, 1999 ; Costa et al., 2000 ; Medjdoub et al., 2005 ; Miller, 2002 ). However, these reports are based
” year, but results vary with cultivar ( Schwallier et al., 2006 ; Singh, 1948 ). Research has shown that blossom thinning is more effective than fruitlet thinning alone to increase the potential for return bloom ( Byers, 1997 ; Johnson, 1995 ; Preston
The optimum time for removing pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] to enhance return bloom was determined. Fruit were removed from part of `Mohawk', `Giles', and `Gormely' trees five times during the season as determined by fruit phonological age: immediately after postpollination drop, at 50% ovule expansion, at 100% ovule expansion or water stage, during the onset of dough stage, and 2 weeks after dough stage. Return bloom of all cultivars was increased by fruit removal during ovule expansion. Removing `Mohawk' and `Giles' fruit shortly after pollination induced the greatest return bloom. Return bloom in the small-fruited `Gormely' was equally stimulated by fruit removal at any time during ovule expansion, a result indicating that early fruit removal may be more important for large-than for small-fruited cultivars. If a commercially feasible method to thin pecans is developed, our studies indicate that the optimum time for fruit thinning would be during ovule expansion.
This research was undertaken to document the extent of biennial bearing in flowering uprights by American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) cultivar and growing region. Seven cultivars were studied: three found in all states considered (Massachusetts, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Oregon), two common to Massachusetts and New Jersey, and two other commercially grown cultivars, one each from Wisconsin and Oregon. There were significant cultivar, region, and cultivar × region interaction effects for both percent return bloom (%RB) and percent return fruit (%RF). Percent RB ranged from 74% for `Ben Lear' in Wisconsin to 14% for `Howes' in New Jersey. `Ben Lear' differed the most in %RB among regions, from 74% in Wisconsin to 14% in Massachusetts. However, in some regions, especially in Wisconsin, many blossoms did not set viable fruit. There was no significant difference in %RB among cultivars grown in Massachusetts or Oregon; however, cultivars grown in these regions did differ in %RF.
blossom or fruit thinning chemically, by hand, or a combination of the two. Blossom thinning is a standard procedure for improving fruit size, increasing return bloom, and promoting regular bearing ( Byers, 2003 ; Jonkers, 1979 ). Reducing the number of