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With qualities including quick growth, a dense root system, a strongly developed stolon, and the capacity to consolidate embankments, bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) is one of the most lucrative warm-season turfgrasses in the world ( Shi et al
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. from the Salt Range (Pakistan) to salinity stress Flora Morphol. Distrib. Functional Ecol. Plants 203 683 694 Hasegawa, P.M. Bressan, R.A. Zhu, J.-K. Bohnert, H.J. 2000 Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity
Abstract
Carbohydrate content varied among cultivars of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) at 3 sampling dates during dormancy and greenup. Sucrose and starch decreased in rhizomes between March and May while reducing sugars remained constant. Concentration of stored carbohydrate was correlated positively with the number of rhizomes near the soil surface during winter and early spring. Spring deadspot injury ranged from 60% of the plot area for ‘KSU, (Kansas State University) T-5, to zero for ‘Royal Cape’, ‘Mich. C-53’, ‘Midway’ and ‘KSU D-17.’ Earliest to greenup in spring was ‘KSU T-3’ while ‘KSU T-5’, ‘F-4’, ‘Md. 23’, ‘24’ and ‘U-3’ were only 13-33% green on the same date. Injury was less severe where cultivars utilized carbohydrate and greened early in the spring. Early greenup was associated with thinner layers of thatch. There was no association between thickness or number of rhizomes and spring deadspot.
Abstract
Turfgrass quality usually is related to fertilization management practices. Nitrogen fertilizer formulations are undergoing change in order to produce acceptable turfgrass response and reduce management costs. Field experiments conducted during 1979–81 evaluated the influence of Ca on urea and nitrate N sources on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) turfgrass color, quality, verdure, and root-rhizome dry matter production. Color, quality, and verdure were significantly improved and persisted longer with the addition of Ca to urea N sources. Early season root and rhizome production also was increased with the urea + calcium application. Verdure was not significantly affected among the N sources. There was not a significant increase in tissue N content. Addition of Ca to the fertilizer formulation apparently enhanced N utilization.
Clonal plants can consist of connected individual ramets that enhance resource sharing through physiological integration. This integration enables the whole clone to tolerate environmental stresses. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of physical ramet connections on the integration of antioxidant enzymes in clonal common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) growing under heterogeneously distributed water; i.e., nonuniform distribution of water due to 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) treatment on some ramets and not others. The bottom, middle, upper and three fragments of clonal common bermudagrass were subjected to 20% PEG 6000 with water potential of −1.8 MPa to induce heterogeneous and homogeneous drought stress. The control was not treated with 20% PEG 6000. Within the heterogeneous treatment, water stressed clonal fragments generally had higher leaf and root antioxidant enzyme activities with respect to superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase (except for root peroxidase). There was no difference in antioxidant enzyme activity within the connected clonal ramets for homogeneous treatment; i.e., three connected ramets treated with 20% PEG 6000. Osmotically stressed clonal fragments under heterogeneous environments had a lower level of malonaldehyde (MDA) compared with those in homogeneous regimes. The antioxidant enzyme integration was affected by directionality and water availability contrast. This was indicated by significant decline in MDA levels within the heterogeneous treatments as compared with homogeneous treatment, which suggested reduced lipid peroxidation. These results suggested that ramet connections facilitate integration of antioxidant enzymes within clonal plants growing in heterogeneously available water. Enzymes were integrated from clonal fragments growing in water sufficient environment to those in water stressed regimes. This enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of the entire clone hence improved drought tolerance.
Abstract
Sprigs of ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and seeds of ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) were planted in 10 different media consisting of combinations of 5 waste products spread 10 cm deep on black polyethylene plastic sheets. Experiments were conducted in 1976 and 1977 utilizing the following media components: composted heat-treated sewage sludge (SS); composted sugarcane processing byproducts (SB); composted municipal wood chips (WC); sandy muck soil (SM); and water treatment sludge (WS). In 51 days the bahiagrass had formed sod which was comparable in tear strength to commercially available sod. Excellent rooting of the experimental sod occurred in 7 days; commercially cut sod had rooted much less as determined by root weights and the force required to uproot the sod. Bermudagrass sprigs did not develop sufficient coverage in 51 days to yield acceptable sod but did so by 65 days. The sod also rooted more quickly than commercial bermudagrass sod. Both grasses rooted better than commercial sod because root apical meristems were not cut off during harvesting. The media which resulted in the best and worst combinations of evaluations were different for each grass species. Excellent quality bahiagrass sod was produced in media containing SS, and the least acceptable in WC+SS and WS+SB media. A system now exists to make use of a number of urban waste products for sod production, while at the same time shortening production time.
Cold stress is a key factor limiting resource use in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Under cold stress, bermudagrass growth is severely inhibited and the leaves undergo chlorosis. Therefore, rigorous investigation on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of cold stress in this turf species is urgent. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and molecular alteration in wild bermudagrass under cold stress, particularly the changes of transpiration rate, soluble sugar content, enzyme activities, and expression of antioxidant genes. Wild bermudagrass (C. dactylon) was planted in plastic pots (each 10 cm tall and 8 cm in diameter) filled with matrix (brown coal soil:sand 1:1) and treated with 4 °C in a growth chamber. The results displayed a dramatic decline in the growth and transpiration rates of the wild bermudagrass under 4 °C temperature. Simultaneously, cold severely destabilized the cell membrane as indicated by increased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage value. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were higher in the cold regime than the control. The expression of antioxidant genes including MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, POD, and APX was vividly up-regulated after cold stress. In summary, our results contributed to the understanding of the role of the antioxidant system in bermudagrass’ response to cold.
236 243 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.002 Du, H.M. Wang, Z.L. Yu, W.J. Liu, Y.M. Huang, B.R. 2011 Differential metabolic responses of perennial grass Cynodon transvaalensis × Cynodon dactylon (C 4 ) and Poa Pratensis (C 3 ) to heat stress Physiol
bermudagrass genotypes, hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × C . transvaalensis ) ‘Tifway’ (drought-resistant) and common bermudagrass ( C. dactylon ) ‘C299’ (drought-susceptible), was collected from a research farm at Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Exogenous application of hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide enhanced multiple abiotic stress tolerance in bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.) Plant Physiol. Biochem. 71 226 234 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.021 Shi, H. Ye, T. Zhong, B. Liu, X