-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, were isolated using two extractions in hexane/petroleum ether (1:1). An aliquot of the resulting aqueous phase was analyzed by taking a spectrophotometric reading at 456 nm and comparing it to a standard curve for β-carotene (C4582
c ), and carotenoids (zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein) ( Sarker and Oba, 2021 ). Amaranth grain is gluten free and is known for its high lysine content ( Jimoh et al., 2018 ). Amaranth production in Africa is limited by the lack of
lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene (41% to 63% of total carotenoid concentration) and flavoxanthin and neoxanthin (37% to 59% of total carotenoid concentration) in C. maxima hybrids. Similarly, lutein and β-carotene were the highest observed in three
de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and the formation of zeaxanthin (Z), excess absorbed energy was harmlessly dissipated as heat ( Horton et al., 1994 ). Few studies have been conducted on the xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal energy
( Kumar et al., 2011 ). Many other types of carotenoids accumulate in the fruit during the ripening process, for example, β-carotene, violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin ( Ha et al., 2007 ). Hurtado-Hernandez and Smith (1985) proposed that the color of
. Environ. Interact. 7 179 192 Kopsell, D.A. Kopsell, D.E. 2008 Genetic and environmental factors affecting plant lutein/zeaxanthin Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech 19 44 46 Körner, O. Challa, H. 2003 Process-based humidity control regime for greenhouse crops Comput