Abstract
Rhododendron cuttings absorbed Ν and P from intermittent nutrient mist during propagation; there was no net uptake of K, Mg, or Ca. However, the foliage was injured and rooting was inhibited at all concentrations of nutrient mist. Cultivars differed in sensitivity to nutrient mist. ‘Gloria’ cuttings did not root under distilled water mist and developed symptoms resembling Κ deficiency. Azaleas have low nutritional requirements and nutrient mist during propagation was of no benefit.
procedures on surface removal and leaching of certain elements from pecan leaflets HortScience 11 50 52 Sparks, D. 1976a Some nutrient deficiency symptoms of pecan Pecan South 3 264 267 Sparks, D
soil organic matter such as a low carbon (C):nitrogen (N) ratio, high cation exchange capacity, and high stability (i.e., resistance to further decomposition), and most are rich in nutrients that gradually mineralize in the soil for years after
Herbaceous perennials comprise one of the fastest-growing segments of floriculture crop production. Little information has been published regarding their mineral nutrition requirements, specifically nutrient foliar standards and nutrient deficiency symptoms. Our research documents visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in the chronological order in which they appear from incipient to advanced stages, and establishes foliar analysis standards by correlating nutrient levels with initial and advanced stages of symptoms for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, and boron. Rooted cuttings were grown for as many as 12 weeks in a hydroponic system with modified Hoagland's solution minus the element of interest, along with complete nutrient solution controls. Taxa selected for study were representative of commonly grown varieties and of differing families; Verbena canadensis `Homestead Purple' (clump verbena), Heliopsis helianthoides `Bressingham Doubloon' (false sunflower) and Veronica × `Goodness Grows' (speedwell). Days to incipient deficiency symptoms ranged from 5 to 60. Chronological order of appearance was consistent with Fe and Ca symptoms appearing within 10 days for all three taxa. Other deficiency symptoms varied both by taxa and in chronology. Root and shoot dry weights were closely and positively correlated with time to incipient deficiency.
Abstract
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), which uses nutrient element concentration ratios as indicators of nutrient deficiency, was used to evaluate current sufficiency ranges for hazelnut trees. Reference values that were derived from published and unpublished field data were used to calculate DRIS indices for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, and Zn. A nutritional imbalance index (NII) was computed as the sum of DRIS indices irrespective of sign, and a threshold NII value (mean NII + 1 SD), above which severe imbalances are expected, was established. DRIS diagnoses were then compared with the sufficiency range approach to determine if relative deficiencies or excesses associated with severely imbalanced trees would have been routinely detected in 624 mineral analyses of hazelnut leaves. A previously published field trial was also reevaluated. DRIS diagnosis generally agreed with the diagnoses made by the sufficiency range method, especially if sufficiency ranges for some elements were made more narrow. However, some nutrients were never identified by DRIS as a major relative deficiency or excess in any of the trees judged severely imbalanced, based on the sum of DRIS indices. Nitrogen and Mg deficiencies were not detected unless lower NII thresholds were used. Unfortunately, lowering NII thresholds enough to detect N and Mg deficiencies identified some high-yielding trees as severely imbalanced. DRIS will not detect all deficiencies or excesses. Therefore, DRIS is best viewed as a supplement to sufficiency range diagnoses that provides additional information when severe imbalances are detected.
Abstract
The mineral nutrient requirements of geranium, Pelargonium hortorum, cv. ‘Irene’, were studied. Plants were grown in solution culture containing varying quantities of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca, or deficient in S, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn. Deficiency symptoms of the elements listed are described. The mineral levels in leaves which first show deficiency were found to be at approximate incipient deficiency: N, 2.40%; P, 0.28%; K, 0.62%; Ca, 0.77%; Mg, 0.14%; S, 0.12%; B, 18 ppm; Fe, 60 ppm; Cu, 5.5 ppm; Zn, 6 ppm; and Mn, 9 ppm. Additional useful analytical data are presented.
In this paper we analyze the sources of variation in revenue per unit of trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) across a 0.87-ha block of 272 pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees in 2003. Revenue capacity efficiency associated with TCA provides an overall measure of nutrient deficiency and revenue inefficiency caused by environmental constraints in the fruit production process. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is adopted to estimate revenue capacity efficiency and its components. The deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients are measured and optimal nutrient levels computed for each individual tree. These measures are aggregated for comparing between grids and between rootstocks.
The margin of error in pinpointing the difference in deficiency symptoms between calcium and boron is high. Several experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to induce as well as to differentiate the exact foliar and root symptoms of Ca and B. The experiments were conducted with modified Hoagland nutrient solutions. The treatments were with or without Ca or B salts for inducing total deficiency symptoms. Symptoms were expressed on the upper part including the growing point of the plant. In absence of Ca, marigold and zinnia plant heights were reduced by 58% and 37%, respectively, from the control. However, the reduction in height was only in the 27% and 25% range for B deficiency. Ca deficiency was noted as a blackened region on the leaf blade (early stage symptoms) which progressed into necrotic spots on the newly formed leaves. Severe necrosis, was observed on the growing point with advanced Ca deficiency. B deficiency results in a leathery and gray color in zinnia, needle like and narrow leaflets in marigold. The leaf blades were brittle in all B deficient species. B deficient plants roots were stiff and leathery and lateral roots possessed black nodule like endings at the tips. The Ca deficient roots expressed less side branching and at the advanced stage the roots were shorter and fewer with severe necrotic symptoms. The above initial and advanced deficiency symptoms appeared earlier in treatments without Ca than B. Images of Ca and B deficiency symptoms, as well as tissue concentration values will be presented.
Abstract
Studies of plant micronutrient uptake and translocation have indicated that excess Zn induces leaf chlorosis associated with Fe deficiency. Leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. and Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill, grown with Hoag-land's No. 1 and minor element nutrient solutions minus Fe or with additional Zn (0.17 mm) exhibited symptoms of Fe deficiency as interveinal chlorotic bleaching for spinach and interveinal chlorotic mottling for tomato. Similarly, the ultrastructure of spinach and tomato leaf chloroplasts from plants grown with additional Zn corresponded to the altered structural integrity representative of Fe-deficient chloroplasts for each plant species. Supplemental Fe (0.19 mm) added to the nutrient supply alleviated the effects of excess Zn as illustrated by a dark green leaf and an enhanced grana-fretwork system of mesophyll chloroplasts of spinach and tomato. These results constitute morphological evidence of Zn-induced Fe deficiency.
Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) grown in sand cultures receiving complete nutrient solutions set markedly fewer fruits when solutions were allowed to drift to pH 8 or higher. Leaf analyses revealed P deficiency, even though P supply in the sand was apparently adequate.