on golf courses, athletic fields, municipalities, and home lawns in North Carolina ( Carrow and Petrovic, 1992 ; DiPaola and Beard, 1992 ). However, it is estimated that 20% to 25% of all turfgrass stands are under some kind of shade, primarily from
domestication to be cultivated as a new crop. Dandelion ( Taraxacum sp.) seeds typically germinate and establish in a humid microenvironment protected from direct sunlight, usually in the thatch layer of lawns and pastures ( Martinkova et al., 2014 ). The
greenhouse conditions Crop Sci. 49 1444 1453 Beard, J.B. Beard, H.J. 2004 Beard's turfgrass encyclopedia for golf courses, grounds, lawns, sports fields. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI Beard, J.B. Green, R.L. 1994 The role of turfgrasses in
southeastern United States, st. augustinegrass is a predominant warm-season turfgrass used for lawns because of its ability to withstand heat and tolerance to shade ( Duble, 2013 ). St. augustinegrass cultivar Floratam is widely used throughout the southeastern
A series of 20 informational brochures has been produced cooperatively by representatives from five departments and the horticulture industry. These brochures focus on environmentally sound, residential landscape practices. The brochures are designed for purchase by retail garden centers, nurseries, and landscape contractors for distribution to their customers, providing educational information and freeing employee time from answering questions. An order blank has been prepared, and the material is being promoted through the Virginia Nurseryman's Association and state and regional trade shows. Topics covered are planting shrubs, planting trees, making compost, using compost, storing pesticides, choosing pesticides, pesticide labels, integrated pest management, pruning trees and shrubs, applying pesticides, healthy soil, water-wise landscaping, diagnosing plant problems, fertilizing trees/shrubs, landscaping for less in the landfill, maintaining lawns, establishing lawns, choosing turfgrass, fertilizing lawns, and selecting hand tools.
A door-to-door survey was conducted in Cary, N.C., to determine suburban fertilizer and water use characteristics. The random survey of 300 households represented 1% of Cary households. Results from the survey demonstrated that few individuals used fertilizer on their driveways and sidewalks to melt ice and snow. Almost 90% of all residents applied fertilizer or used lawn care companies. Most residents or lawn care companies failed to sweep impervious surfaces after fertilizing. Most homeowners applied nitrogen fertilizer at a rate within North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. Water use for landscaping related directly to summer drought conditions. Households with installed sprinkler systems used about twice as much water on their lawns as did residences with moveable sprinkler systems.
( Singh et al. 2013 ). According to Hu et al. (2012 ), salinity stress reduces the lawn quality and canopy height of bermudagrass cultivar C43, increasing the root number, root length, and root/shoot ratio. Yu et al. (2015 ) found that salinity stress
discoloration and bare areas ( Williams et al., 2010 ). Traffic stress is the most common and destructive abiotic stress for recreational and sports lawns ( Minner and Valverde, 2005 ). Various methods can increase the wear tolerance of turfgrass. Several
Roughstalk bluegrass is a troublesome weed on golf courses, home lawns, and athletic fields from the Midwest to the mid-Atlantic states. Roughstalk bluegrass has poor drought and heat tolerance, poor to fair wear tolerance, and is susceptible to a
Less than optimal establishment of new turfgrass lawns from seed is often the result of slow and nonuniform germination and emergence because of poor environmental growing conditions ( Christians, 1998 ; Frelich et al., 1973 ; Perry, 1980