likelihood of successful long-term cultivation. Two methods of in vitro orchid seed germination, symbiotic and asymbiotic, impact the possible association of seeds and seedlings with mycorrhizal fungi in in vitro and ex vitro environments. Asymbiotic
force flower differentiation and to culture young embryos in vitro dramatically shortened the life cycles in protein legumes, wheat, barley, oat, and triticale ( Liu et al., 2016 ; Ochatt et al., 2002 ; Zheng et al., 2013 ). Environmental factors, such
Skoog media (1962) and incubated in a growth room maintained at 25 °C and 16 h photoperiod for 2 months. Explants (hypocotyls, leaves, and roots) harvested from the in vitro germinated plants using a sterile surgical blade and cut into 1 cm 2 leaf
advantages cannot be assumed because polyploidy can also result in plants with abnormal growth, poor flowering, sterility, and other undesirable phenotypes ( Dhooghe et al., 2011 , Tamayo-Ordóñez et al., 2016 ). In vitro polyploidy can be induced using
). Because pollen is short-lived after release and acts as an independent functional unit, in vitro responses of pollen germination and tube length response characteristics such as maximum pollen germination and pollen tube length and cardinal temperatures
). Orchid propagation through PLBs multiplication is one of the most preferable in vitro methods used in different orchid genera as a result of the great number of PLBs that can be obtained in a short period of time. Protocorm is the earliest structure
). In horticultural operations, smoke can be used in three forms: gaseous smoke, smoke-water extracts, and smoke-derived active compounds such as the karrikins (KARs) ( Kulkarni et al. 2011 ). KAR1 has been identified as a key agent promoting germination
various species have been proven to affect fungal development ( Thangavelu et al., 2004 ). Spore formation and germination, mycelial growth in vitro, and infection of plants could be inhibited by plant extracts ( Kyu Kyu Win et al., 2007 ; Lee et al
. (2009 ), we used 0.5% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) buffer solution and a culture medium (10 g·L −1 agar + 0.1 g·L −1 boric acid + 100 g·L −1 sucrose solution) combined with the in vitro germination method to detect the pollen vitality
distilled water to remove excess HgCl 2 . Excised part of the cotyledons before seed embryos was placed on aseptic MS ( Murashige and Skoog, 1962 ) medium, which contained 0.65% agar and 3% sucrose, in glass tubes for germination. The seedlings were grown