polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers; Pagnotta et al. (2004) applied amplified fragments length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) to reveal variation within the ‘Romanesco’ population, and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were
priorities: develop scientific means to evaluate the persistence and spread of invasive plants; enhance detection methods for invasive taxa; and acquire a means to identify invasive species, cultivars, and hybrids of cultivars such as genetic markers
. Since phenotypic selection for root traits remains largely unfeasible due to the challenge of large-scale phenotyping below ground ( Kuijken et al., 2015 ), breeding for root growth and RSA traits has focused on the development of tools for marker
intensive and time-consuming. The development of molecular markers provides the possibility of rapid screening of resistant germplasm for breeding. Moreover, molecular markers tightly linked to resistant genes also provide the basis for isolating and cloning
differentiation in 18 B. purpurascens populations from different regions of Yunnan Province. However, the pedigree and genetic relationship of different Bergenia species are still unclear. Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) is a dominant molecular marker
morphological characteristics, which are environmentally sensitive and challenging to differentiate. Therefore, a molecular marker-based database is necessary to facilitate cultivar identification and validate pedigree information. Among the many types of DNA
style length factor B ( Kappel et al., 2017 ; Lewis and Jones, 1992 ). Many studies have investigated heterostyly in Primula ( Barrett and Shore, 2008 ; Kappel et al., 2017 ; Yoshida et al., 2011 ). Molecular markers and genes linked with the S
, particularly for leaf and fruit characteristics. Morphological traits may differ across years, growth conditions, and environment as these traits are extremely susceptible to genotype-environment interactions. Molecular markers are reliable tools for screening
stress ( Cheng et al., 2000 ; Shi et al., 2008 ). DNA molecular marker technology has been widely used to reveal the genetic variations among individuals, between groups, and trace the genetic histories with a high degree of specificity and reliability
develop wintersweet hybrid varieties with improved ornamental traits such as flower size, color, or fragrance. Breeding new hybrids by conventional practices mostly is slow and uncertain. The application of molecular markers can improve efficiency of plant